lewis dot structures of atoms and ions worksheetlewis dot structures of atoms and ions worksheet

You will use this to complete this worksheet. Atoms can connect to form molecules, and molecules form all the physical world you see. Not allowed to change the formulas to reactants or products Ionic compounds are often called salts Drawthe Lewis dot structures of the followingatomsandtheir respective ions: calcium sodium aluminum barium potassium magnesium cesium lithium calcium ion sodium ion aluminumion barium ion potassiumion magnesiumion cesium ion lithiumion fluorine sulfur oxygen nitrogen chlorine selenium iodine phosphorous fluoride sulfide oxide nitride chloride After going through this module, you are expected to: state the Octet Rule; define ionic bond; and; draw the Lewis structure of elements, ions and simple covalent compounds. An atom is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 2021-22, Chapter 01 - Fundamentals of Nursing 9th edition - test bank, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1. For example, when two chlorine atoms form a chlorine molecule, they share one pair of electrons: The Lewis structure indicates that each Cl atom has three pairs of electrons that are not used in bonding (called lone pairs) and one shared pair of electrons (written between the atoms). 1 0 obj Eiji Osawa predicted a spherical form based on observations of a similar structure, but his work was not widely known outside Japan. Rb Ar, POGIL - 2005 4/ Lewis dot structures also called electron dot structures are diagrams that describe the chemical bonding between atoms in a molecule. |LSp\:G7c|f (s9;6~X/#uhygM3nd[ekPsxx,%#g`U?t0=~j57DsSob(O{K443~2|Ho"$Q/jBb6#5@L7Lw_,\y/"f#zC<1fF/ xH~23H9OM!~pl!^D9w`Do )`6Sl4X>a}!`I:}O-ezaBmDFr$lm| }u V00lB,z!6:cdM(#N m9K&H=v0@D8!YX39az6ukQP)CQWx". Given an element, like Magnesium (Atomic Number 12, Mass Number 24), please provide all the following information for this element. Electron-deficient molecules have a central atom that has fewer electrons than needed for a noble gas configuration. molecule. Step 2: Write the skeleton structure of the molecule. Lewis Structures Notes 7. HCl+NaOHH2O+NaCl Sodium has an electron configuration of 2-8-1, therefore it has one valence electron, By the end of this section, you will be able to: Thus far in this chapter, we have discussed the various types of bonds that form between atoms and/or ions. N _rels/.rels ( JAa}7 You will also balance nuclear reactions. If all octets are not complete, create multiple bonds Lewis Dot Structures Objectives: 1. Soot has been used as a pigment (often called carbon black) for thousands of years. Di dlMts"6!cKDyKDHC_ Halogen: 1 bond z, /|f\Z?6!Y_o]A PK ! are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Formula to dot diagram Since the spectator ions are not part of the product, we can choose not to show Find those different elements and parts. Many salts dissolve in water (aqueous solution) The astute reader may have noticed something: many of the ions that form have eight electrons in their valence shell. Place all remaining electrons on the central atom. Dec 15, 2022 OpenStax. Common bonding patterns O is -2 (unless O2 or H2O2) In 1916, American chemist, Gilbert N. Lewis, introduced bond lines to electron dot structures. Step 2 tells how many electrons are needed and Step 1 is how many electrons you have. Determine total # of valence electrons The reactivity of the compound is also consistent with an electron deficient boron. : an American History (Eric Foner), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Lab 4 Chemical Equilibrium (Part B) chemistry 10401, e based on the number of electrons in the, ements form the compound sodium chloride (table salt) they, Periodic table including electron configurations, The stability of the noble gas electron configuration of 8 electrons, Definitions of ionization energy and electronegativity. M SoU]SSpX[@xN4~|OhX#>nzwx:c5HH?:oq"&pf|\t2P? For anions, add one electron for each negative charge. Trigonal planar (3 bonding groups, 0 lone pairs on central atom) Share this: Posted in worksheets Tagged answer, lewis, worksheet Previous post 10++ Self Acceptance Worksheet Next post 20++ Visual Tracking Worksheets 4 moles, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, 2 val e), expanded octet possible for n>3 (P, Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. With all this usage came significant study, particularly with the emergence of organic chemistry. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. We use Lewis symbols to describe valence electron configurations of atoms and monatomic ions. Is energy released or absorbed in the reaction? For example, in the Lewis structures of beryllium dihydride, BeH2, and boron trifluoride, BF3, the beryllium and boron atoms each have only four and six electrons, respectively. 1. Get Solution. Example problem: What is the mass number, symbol, and Carbon: 4 bonds, Nitrogen: 3 bonds If we isolate the 2 metals, we can make the electrons flow through a wire A strong understanding of Ions is needed. PK ! resulting in two ionsthe Na+ ion and the Cl ion: \[\mathbf{Na}^{+}\; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \mathbf{:}\mathbf{\ddot{\underset{.\: . Make sure to check the entire table. 1. GENERAL TERMS FOR LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES: 1. Authored by: Lizabeth M. Tumminello -Edited by: Erin Graham, Kelly Levy, Ken Levy and Rohini Quackenbush, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Authored by: Lizabeth M. Tumminello -Edited by: Erin, . 6iD_, |uZ^ty;!Y,}{C/h> PK ! H is +1 (unless H2), Electricity In all cases, these bonds involve the sharing or transfer of valence shell electrons between atoms. from one another as possible Linear (2 bonding groups, 0 lone pairs) In Lewis Structures, a line is used to represent the bonding electrons between two combining atoms. Draw Lewis structures for atoms, ions and simple molecules. The octet rule is a result of trends in energies and is useful in explaining why atoms form the ions that they do. Carbon: 12 g/mole Still later, Harold Kroto, working with Canadian radio astronomers, sought to uncover the nature of long carbon chains that had been discovered in interstellar space. Lewis structures are structural formulas for molecules and polyatomic ions that represent all valence electrons. Atoms have three parts that work together. Indicate whether the following species have a stable noble gas configuration. Lewis Structures of Atoms and Molecules Dots represent valence electrons Pair singly before pairing up Covalent bonds will form any unpaired electrons Parentheses show isotopes (extra neutrons) Lewis Dot Structures 1. Draw orbital diagrams for the following choices. Carbon atoms can link together to make some of the longest, most durable chains. Subtracting the number in Step 1 from the number in Step 2 gives you the number of electrons needed to complete the octets . Lewis electron dot diagram. POGIL - 2005 5/ Complete Ionic Equation You will across note the directionals. You will be given chemical symbols for elements, compounds, or a mixture and asked to state the phase of matter you find this at room temperature. If atom doesnt have the right # of electrons: double bonds, triple bonds, etc Lewis Dot Structures to show the valance electrons of an element as dots. [ In electron transfer, the number of electrons lost must equal the number of electrons gained. The total number of electrons does not change. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 792 612] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Acids produce H+ ions in solution For example, the metal sodium will react violently with, http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/CCA0/Movies/NACL1.html, Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Bases produce OH- ions in solution Identify the element that corresponds to each of the following electron Lewis Dot Structure of H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid) H2SO4 Lewis Structure, Molecular Geometry, and Hybridization H2SO4 is a chemical formula of Sulfuric acid which is commonly known as Oil . As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. All of the substances described uses common names that most people will recognize. What I Know. The data given may include element name, symbol, atomic number, number of sub atomic-particles (protons, electrons, neutrons), and any charge that may exist. 1. one!particular!side!of!the!chemical!symbol.! Science. Circle the part of your diagram that shows valence electrons. We dipped into, CHMY 121 - These are introduction notes. Ionic or covalent? Note, in the Lewis structure there is a pair . If the atoms are too close together, the repulsive forces are much stronger and the potential energy is at a maximum, and a bond will not form. Molar mass of compounds Aq is aqueous endobj Atoms are thought to be the smallest particle of a single element. Since chlorine is a nonmetal, it has relatively high values for Write the Lewis dot structure for the following atoms or ions: a. Mg b. Al3+ c. C d. N3- 2. Chlorine needs an additional electron to attain the stable noble gas configuration of 8 A Lewis Dot Structure can be made for a single atom, a covalent compound, or a polyatomic ion. Browse lewis dot structure worksheet resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Acid-Base Reactions Lewis dot diagram worksheet use the bohr models to determine the number of. In 3D they can spread out a little further (109 degrees) When one atom connects with another atom, they make up a chemical element. Fill in remaining valence electrons Iron has twenty-six protons in its nucleus so the atomic number is 26. electron cloud, which is an area that surrounds the nucleus. electronegativity. Don't forget to show brackets and charge on your LDS for ions! Connect the atoms Complete the chart below showing what happens for each of the atoms to become an ion. a. (Generally, the least electronegative element should be placed in the center.) We use Lewis symbols to describe valence electron configurations of atoms and monatomic ions. Lewis theory (Gilbert Newton Lewis, 1875-1946) focuses on the valence electrons, since the outermost electrons are the ones that are highest in energy and farthest from the nucleus, and are therefore the ones that are most exposed to other atoms when bonds form. We do the same thing as the last worksheet, but we go in the opposite direction. An example question would be: Which of the following terms refers to the smallest part of a compound that has all the This page tests your ability to write Lewis Dot diagrams and determine the total number of valence electrons. *ck=^]CU5 hLkAWPWJm 'zf*\H:{+e mM+&br &v:M%&;d]CgnpoLRM`fEO With arrows, illustrate the transfer of electrons to form calcium chloride from \(Ca\) atoms and \(Cl\) atoms. to show the valance electrons of an element as dots. ii. In the center (nucleus) you will find neutrons and protons. Draw vectors representing all bond dipole moments (consider electronegative) The first unit was primarily based on solutions, Managing Engaging Learning Environments (D095), Perspectives in the Natural Sciences (SCI100), Statistical literacy in Psychology (Psy 260), Medical/Surgical Nursing Concepts (NUR242), Managing Organizations and Leading People (C200 Task 1), Differential Diagnosis & Primary Care Practicum (NR-511), Nursing B43 Nursing Care of the Medical Surgical (NURS B43), Professional Application in Service Learning I (LDR-461), Advanced Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions (NUR 4904), Principles Of Environmental Science (ENV 100), Operating Systems 2 (proctored course) (CS 3307), Comparative Programming Languages (CS 4402), Business Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083), Bates Test questions The Thorax and Lungs, Chapter 15 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders, Lesson 17 Types of Lava and the Features They Form, 1-2 Short Answer Cultural Objects and Their Culture, PDF Mark K Nclex Study Guide: Outline format for 2021 NCLEX exam. This is an acid-base neutralization reaction Charcoal, high in carbon content, has likewise been critical to human development. It readily combines with a molecule containing an atom with a lone pair of electrons. A Lewis electron dot diagram (or electron dot diagram or a Lewis diagram or a Lewis structure) is a representation of the valence electrons of an atom that uses dots around the symbol of the element. 5. As early as the 1960s, chemists began to observe complex carbon structures, but they had little evidence to support their concepts, or their work did not make it into the mainstream. Draw the dot diagram for an atom of carbon. polyatomic ions a nh 4 c po 4 3 b no 3 d co 3 2 4 for the following molecules or ions . configuration of 8 valence electrons. The number of protons is the atomic number and the mass number is the sum of the protons Lewis structure of atoms worksheet answer key for very simple molecules and molecular ions, we can write the lewis structures by merely pairing up the unpaired electrons on the. atoms and ions. PK ! POGIL - 2005 2/ The electrons found in the outer most energy level are collectively Consider sodium: in its elemental form, it has one valence electron and is stable. Assume that the central Z atom is bonded to each of the outer O atoms by a single bond. (or electron dot diagram or a Lewis diagram or a Lewis structure) is a representation of the valence electrons of an atom that uses dots around the symbol of the element. solution. If we mix AgNO3 with water, it dissolves Here we present some examples of how to draw Lewis structures. nb9i Explain your answer. Identifying Compounds, Elements, Mixtures through Common Names, Nuclear Chemistry: Identifying Forms of Radiation, Periodic Table of Elements Fill In Worksheet. There are smaller parts of it, but the makeup and arrangement does determine the properties of an element. diagram, total number of valence electrons, and Lewis dot structure. Determine the total number of valence (outer shell) electrons in the molecule or ion. Since valence electrons are typically represented as dots, these structural formulas sometimes are called Lewis dot stutctures. Lewis structures (also known as Lewis dot structures or electron dot structures) are diagrams that represent the valence electrons of atoms within a molecule. . Lewis Structures of Atoms and Molecules A Lewis structure is a structural formula that shows the covalent bonds and electron pairs. An entire class of compounds, including spheres and tubes of various shapes, were discovered based on C60. Dot diagram to shape We saw this in the formation of NaCl. The number of dots equals the number of valence electrons in the atom. Recall that a Lewis dot symbol refers to an elemental symbol with dots used to represent the valence electrons. chemical formulas below. The number of valence electrons for an atom is the number of electrons in the outer Legal. }Cl}}\mathbf{\: :}^{-} \nonumber \], \[\left [ Ne \right ]\; \; \; \; \; \left [ Ne \right ]3s^{2}3p^{6} \nonumber \]. Cross), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Give Me Liberty! Upon his death in 2005, the US Senate honored him as the Father of Nanotechnology. (credit: United States Department of Energy), https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/7-3-lewis-symbols-and-structures, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions, Draw Lewis structures depicting the bonding in simple molecules. Central atom is listed first (unless hydrogen) and is the least electronegative Chemistry. Write the complete electron configuration for each of the following elements. What we need is a second Na atom to donate a second electron to the O atom: These three ions attract each other to give an overall neutral-charged ionic compound, which we write as Na2O. Mass in grams Moles Number of particles, Exam: and neutrons. Net Ionic Equation structure . A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the O2- Lewis Dot Structure.For the O 2- structure use the periodic table to find the total number of valence elect. Predict the products of the following nuclear reactions. Isotope Isotope Notation Atomic Protons Electrons Neutrons Nickel-5 15 15 53 74 36 4. These worksheets apply the understanding of parts of the atom to understanding aspects of basic chemistry. Intact-compound Equation %MY69P Check your understanding of Lewis diagrams in this set of free practice questions. If the atoms are too far apart, the potential energy is zero, and a bond cannot form. The rows from left to right are termed periods, while the rows from top to bottom are called groups. In the compound potassium bromide, determine the charge on the potassium ion and the However, the BF bonds are slightly shorter than what is actually expected for BF single bonds, indicating that some double bond character is found in the actual molecule. h26T0Pw/+Q0L)662)Is0i T$ 0 The Lewis dot diagram for carbon dioxide also shows that two pairs of electrons are shared. Determine the molecular dipole moment (if any) Remember, in the final formula for the ionic compound, we do not write the charges on the ions. Element Group Number (PT) of Valance Electrons Lewis Dot Structure Calcium IIA 2 2 Ca Carbon IVA 14 4 C Hydrogen IA 1 1 H Helium VIIIA 18 2 He Oxygen Use Lewis dot structures to represent the valence shells of metal and nonmetal You are given an element or ion name and an atomic number. hYmS+x.KlbRg|)Jalyv`t^V3H#Z-Wi8Sf5S3 +LxbR LqaF9(-Z"g{T Before!anyone!gets!wrong!ideas;!the!electrons!aren't!permanently!fixed!to! For the species in the problem above that do not have a noble gas configuration, identify how they can obtain a noble gas configuration of 8 electrons. We will also look at how electrons are positioned and concept of orbital diagrams and how to determine valence shell configurations and what this means about the nature of the atom. . Unit 3 1. Hydrogen: 1 g/mole We recommend using a Step 3: Determine the Number of Bonds in the Molecule. Lewis symbols illustrating the number of valence . are licensed under a, Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision, Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results, Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas, Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements, Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations), Periodic Variations in Element Properties, Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law, Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions, Shifting Equilibria: Le Chteliers Principle, The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics, Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals, Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals, Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids, Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals, Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen, Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates, Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen, Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus, Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen, Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur, Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens, Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases, Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry, Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds, Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals, Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters, Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases, Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances, Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials, Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes. 2. Lewis theory (Gilbert Newton Lewis, 1875-1946) focuses on the valence electrons, since the outermost electrons are the ones that are highest in energy and farthest from the nucleus, and are therefore the ones that are most exposed to other atoms when bonds form. 2D vs 3D 45 neutrons and 36 electrons? Valence electrons play a fundamental role in chemical bonding. Silver chloride is almost completely insoluble (AgCl) As a result, there are two lone pairs in this molecule and two. Science Worksheets > Atomic Structure. Indium 114 g/mole Draw the Electron dot structure. Explain. atoms Using the Periodic Table to Draw Lewis Dot Structures seven valence electrons and needs to have seven dots drawn around its symbol. Is the reaction product (sodium chloride) more or less stable than the reactants (sodium In some hypervalent molecules, such as IF5 and XeF4, some of the electrons in the outer shell of the central atom are lone pairs: When we write the Lewis structures for these molecules, we find that we have electrons left over after filling the valence shells of the outer atoms with eight electrons. the formation of one formula unit of magnesium fluoride. 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https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FCollege_of_Marin%2FCHEM_114%253A_Introductory_Chemistry%2F10%253A_Chemical_Bonding%2F10.03%253A_Lewis_Structures_of_Ionic_Compounds-_Electrons_Transferred, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Synthesis of Calcium Chloride from Elements, 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures- Electrons Shared, 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think, Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving, 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers, 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision, 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions, 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems, 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map, 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises), 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas, 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition, 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties, 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes, 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter, 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change, 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms, 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations, 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons, 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons, 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms, 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition, 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds, 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds, 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds, 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit, 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors, 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds, 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula, 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds, 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds, 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents, 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations, 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water, 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid, 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations, 7.8: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions, Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions, 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide, 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions, 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions, 8.5: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield, 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants, 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction, Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table, 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom, 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals, 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations, 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table, 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model, 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character, 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared, 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds, 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule, 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix, 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases, 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions, 11.5: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature, 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure, 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature, 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles, 11.10: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen, Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, DipoleDipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole, 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic, 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy, 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz, 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent, 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter, 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration, 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies, 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases, 14.6: AcidBase Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution, 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity, 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change, status page at https://status.libretexts.org.
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