Have you ever wondered why the Leaning Tower of Pisa leans? expansive soil layers. The soil swelling continued until 0.54mm upward displacement after 24h, subject to 11.85kPa vertical stress (Figure 15A). Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. Technol. These ratios refer to the proportion of tetrahedral sheets to octahedral sheets. Gueddouda, M. K., Goual, I., Lamara, M., and Goual, S. (2013). The map is meant to show general trends in the geographic distribution of These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. New York City: McGraw-Hills Inc., U.S.A., 312316. Mitigation of the swelling phenomena can be attained by using a granular layer separation between the foundation and the swelling clay. These include: smectite, bentonite, montmorillonite, The oedometer cell is filled to ensure saturation and to compensate for the amount of absorbed water. Illustration of shrink-swell clay, (1) evapotranspiration, (2) evaporation and (3) root absorption (Villey, 2010). Hobart king, "Expansive Soil and Expansive Clay: The hidden force behind basement and foundation problems". 4 (18), 32313237. In some societies, the title of king may be limited to hereditary succession, while in others, non-hereditary appointment is permitted. Table 1 details those data as determined from oedometer tests preceded by the measurement of the swell pressure. Turns out, dirt has a heckuva lot of sobriquets. Plaisted, M. D., and Zornberg, J. G. (2011). The name chlorite comes from the Greek word for green, its typical color. This is due to the weakness of layer liaisons. The American Society of Civil Engineers has estimated that as high as one in four houses in the United States has some form of damage caused by expansive soils. The best way to conclude if soil is expansive is through site specific laboratory testing. SWELLING POTENTIAL METHODS OF FOUNDATION PRACTICES In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. Expansive soils are those which are made of certain kinds of earth. Inexpensive. Among the clay minerals, the smectite group is responsible for soils high swelling properties, in particular montmorillonite (Chen, 1988). Therefore, based on those two classification methods the swelling characterization is not confirmed. This shrinkage can remove support from buildings or other structures and result in damaging subsidence. Source: Map courtesy of https://geology.com/articles/soil/. TABLE 2. FIGURE 7. Waterproof barriers, proper surface grading and other water flow controls such as rain gutters and French drains can be used to control water penetration. Compression index (Cc) and the swelling index (Cs) are determined from an oedometer test during which the tested soil specimen is permanently submerged, hence full saturation condition applies for the tested soil specimen during loading and unloading steps. MATEC Web of Conferences 11, 03004. doi:10.1051/matecconf/20141103004, Medjnoun, A., and Bahar, R. (2016). Expansive soil is a soil/clay (such as montmorillonite or bentonite) that is prone to expansion or shrinkage due directly to variation in water volume. Expansive soils contain minerals, such as smectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. Cracks in walls and ceilings will also be consistent with differential heave. After fitting, non-soil pixels (marked in a . Swelling pressure versus Cc/Cs ratio. (A) Swelling evolution of an expansive clay (Case 1) under different loads. While cut and fill operations are very expensive, there are other solutions that have been developed and tested over time to treat expansive soils. This method of characterization is in accordance with Chen (1988) who stated the swell potential is low when the swell pressure is lower than 50kPa. FIGURE 8. Damages in retaining walls at the National Engineering School of Tunis (Manigniavy, 2021). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. expansive soils. The latter affects the distribution of internal stresses between the soil particles ( Kehew, 1995 ). Not expensive; cheap. FIGURE 4. The mineral make-up of this type of soil is responsible for the moisture retaining capabilities. Swelling Behavior of Soils, in Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi, 229232. J. Appl. 304, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, 99138, Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. The unique load on the sample is the mass of the porous stone which is converted to a pressure of 0.25kPa. Kaling Taki . On the presumed expansive clays specimens, oedometer tests are preceded by the free swelling test from which the swelling pressure is measured. In case of RHA the reduction in strength may be due to the formation of coarse particles which results in lower densities and more void formation. Generally, the more clay content, the greater the potential for expansion. Kaling Taki . This shrinkage canremovestructural support from a home or structure and result in damaging subsidence. Recent research on local expansive clays has focused on the A filter paper is used to separate the sand layer and the expansive clay layer. Table 5 illustrates the vertical displacements and the final stress levels for both cases. (B). Chen, F. H. (1975). The situation where greatest damage occurs is when there are significant and repeated on Lime Stabilization, Thomas Telford, London, pp 512, IS: 2720 (Part 10)-1973. Then, the specimen settlement started. that will expand with changes in temperature. Osman, M. A., and Charlie, W. A. Then, which methods are suitable for measuring the swelling pressure. Such a decision needs a research program that aims to characterize expansive clays suitably and to formulate countermeasures and construction methods to help civil engineers by conducting safe designs and for the execution of foundations on this problematic type of soil. These parameters are respectively governed by parent geology and construction practices prevalent in an area. Illite is also a non-expansive clay that is often used in ceramics. Kim, H-K., Shin, H., and Kang, Y-T. (2013). (B) Load distribution by adding a granular layer Sf < Si. Expansive soils must be identified during the reconnaissance and preliminary stages of a site investigation in order to determine the best sample and testing methods to use. Hussain, M., and Dash, S. K. (2011). Land areas were assigned to map soil categories based upon the type of bedrock that exists beneath them as shown on a geologic map. Moving soil exerts tremendous pressure on paving, footings, and foundations. IOP Conf. Expandable soils are referred to by many names. University of Khartoum, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India, Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, You can also search for this author in See more. Humping of a slab which has been caused by expansive soil is often accompanied by multiple cracks which may radiate from the center of the hump. First, identify if the soil on your . It is possible to build successfully and safely on expansive soils if stable moisture content can be maintained or if the building can be insulated from any soil volume change that might occur. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for different curing periods of 0, 3, 7, 21 and 28days. Int J Earth Sci Eng 4(6):4245, Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of limetreated expansive clayey soil. Infrastruct. Cartographie de l'ala retrait-gonflement des argiles dans le dpartement de l'Ille-et-Vilaine. Chemical treatment of expansive clays and improvement solutions, like using granular material, were proposed (Gueddouda et al., 2013; Fattah et al., 2017, etc.). Expansive soils have the ability to drastically swell based on the amount of expansive minerals and moisture that is present in the soil. is that extensive is in the nature of an extent, wide, widespread while expansive is able to be expanded. Div. Oedometer parameters of clayey specimens. It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. Kay, J. N. (1990). All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. As shown in Figure 7B, the compression index Cc and the swelling index Cs are determined from the oedometer curve. It also includes soils that have a clay mineral composition which can potentially cause damage. During the unloading phase, comparison between Figures 7A,B indicate that the increase in thickness of the expansive soil specimen is not only attributed to the release of vertical stress, the second fact is attributed to the swell induced by the infiltrated water within the soil specimen. FIGURE 13. (1989). Expansive soils will also shrink when they dry out. Fattah, M. Y., Salim, N. M., and Irshayyid, E. J. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics pp 553563Cite as, Part of the Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering book series (LNCE,volume 55). Skempton, A. W. (1953). Figure 4 illustrates the occurrence of soil cracking in an expansive clay. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. (A) Oedometer curve of a Tunis El Manar Universitys non-expansive soil (SC2-EI21 sample) with Cc/Cs = 19.2. The present study also showed, after experimental laboratory investigation, that the use of a granular material layer (sand) as an interface between the foundation and an expansive clay layer reduces the swelling of tested specimen, in oedometer condition, to 21.4%, for a HG/HS ratio equal to 0.9 (HG: the thickness of the granular layer and HS: the thickness of an expansive soil). Expansive clays have an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1 ratio; however, there are 2:1 non-expansive clays. * 1855 , Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (volume 9, page 205) An effectual and unexpensive mode of Protecting Wall-Trees from Spring-Frosts. *Correspondence: Mounir Bouassida, mounir.bouassida@enit.utm.tn, Characterization of expansive soils and mitigation of swelling phenomena, View all Several researchers have found ways to classify expansive soils by indirect methods: Atterberg limits tests (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; IS:1498, 1970; Chen, 1975), activity method (Skempton, 1953; Seed et al., 1962; Sridharan and Prakash, 2016) and the clay fraction method (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; Chen, 1965; Holtz et al., 2011). relatively low in price or charging low prices; 'it would have been cheap at twice the price'; 'inexpensive family restaurants'; Kalantari, B. Indian Standard Classification and Identification of Soils for General Engineering Purposes. All clays consist of mineral sheets packaged into layers, and can be classified as either 1:1 or 2:1. While soils with larger particles, like gravels or even sands, have voids large enough to allow water to drain, expansive soils contain small particles that can retain high amounts of water content. Keywords: expansive clay, characterization, granular material, swelling pressure, mitigation, oedometer test, compression index, swelling index, Citation: Bouassida M, Manigniavy SA, Azaiez D and Bouassida Y (2022) New Approach for Characterization and Mitigation of the Swelling Phenomenon. Common Methods of Hazardous Waste Disposal The proper management of hazardous waste, including What is an Expansive (Shrink-Swell) Soil? Experimental Study on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Coir Geotextile, in Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6564_11. Such an indicator is easily determined from an existing test and of great help in the practical assessment of expansive soils. Clay and Peat Boscardin and Cording (1989) proposed a classification based on structural damages, more precisely on the width of cracks. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. However, a number of clay minerals are expansive. In this study, two distinct oedometer tests are proposed: only with expansive clay sample (Figure 9A), with expansive clays sample plus a granular layer (Figure 9B). Seed, H. B., Woodward, R. J., and Lundgren, R. (1962). The research results indicate that the soil in Gedebage is expansive soil that has very high swelling properties with a Plasticity Index (PI) value of 48.09%. When they take on water, they increase in volume. To prevent the occurrence of the swelling phenomenon, the peripheral drainage trench revealed a suitable method to control water evacuation away from structural elements in contact with these problematic clays. X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. Landscape architects can design and build on sites with expansive soil if they get the right information and engineering guidance. This method is fundamen-tally similar to the Tuller and Or (2005) method that is considered to be applicable for soils with SSA < 200 m2=g(Tuller and Or 2005). Eng. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). (A) An expansive clay sample. FHWA-RE-77-94, NTIS PB-289-164. According to Mostafiz et al. Some expansive minerals present in soils can expand as much as 30 percent! 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Documented evidence of the existence of and difficult engineering problems associated with expansive clays and loessial soils is world-wide. Over 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of high swelling potential. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Annual damages associated with expansive soils regularly cost property owners more than tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes combined! (B) Free swellTime curve of case 2 (47% Sand +47% S1) under 0.25kPa. It indicates the capacity of the soil. He joined the team in early 2017 as a foundation inspector, but quickly transitioned towards a marketing role. As a noun cheap is trade; traffic; chaffer; chaffering. Definition. The amount of expansive minerals such as montmorillonite, vermiculite and some sulfate salts also affect how much a soil can expand. Throughout the ratio Cc/Cs value, one can perceive if the tested soil is expansive or non-expansive, without the need for the measurement of the swell pressure in the free swell phase. When treating soils with a lime-based reagent, the potential of the shrink / swell cycle is reduced, extending the life span of your pavement or building structure. Classification of expansive soils based on Cc/Cs ratio and swelling pressure. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. Furthermore, soil replacement, use of strong enough structures and structure isolation from the swelling clay are among the three most commonly used techniques (Kalantari, 2012). Therefore, the classification method herein presented is in good agreement with several methods for the characterization of expansive soils (Table 3). So, lets unpack this a bit. This paper addressed the study of the classification and mitigation of expansive soils. Given the swelling behaviour of this sample, an oedometer swell test was performed and discussed hereafter. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. This article is about natural soils that swell. of soil present and determine their expansive properties. Cracks that develop after expanded soil has dried allow more water to penetrate deeper into the soil causing more damage as time goes on. Click to Enlarge. ISBN-10: 0132496348. Springer, Singapore. Sahin, H. (2011). Expansive Soil in Sudan, BBRI Current Papers. J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. Even though irrigation is expensive, the cost is small compared to repairing a cracked foundation. Expansive soils are soils that experience significant volume change associated with changes in water contents. Buildings that have been built on expansive soils without extensive reinforcements may have cracks in foundations, walls, floors or ceilings. In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. Cracked foundations, floors, and basement walls are typical types of damage done by swelling soils. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. New Delhi: BIS. According to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), two characterization types are distinguished. structure (mircopores within soil peds and macropores between the soil peds) and (ii) soil state (void ratio and degree of saturation). Int J Eng Res Technol 2(11):37223727. In case of non-expansive soil, it was 3.5 times higher in Lime than RHA treatment. Does Homeowners Insurance Cover Expansive Soil Damage? Numerical Modeling of Retaining Wall Resting on Expansive Soil. Al-Busoda, B. S., Abid Awn, S. H., and Obaid, H. (2017). Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. J. Accessed March 19, 2015. J Construct Build Mater 19(2005):448453, Brooks RM (2009) Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. Elarabi, H. (2010). 2022 Dalinghaus Construction. (A). After 01h 38min from the beginning of the free swell test, the applied load to the specimen is increased to the observed swelling. Beyond optimum content the strength was found to decrease for all cases. Every year they cause billions of dollars in damage. As adjectives the difference between inexpensive and cheap is that inexpensive is low in price while cheap is low and/or reduced in price. Click to Enlarge. J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Building damage: Note displaced bricks and inward deflection of foundation. J Eng Geol 42(1996):223237, CrossRef CP.3/83. 5%, 10%, and 15%. Inael 1 (1), 2933. Expansions of ten percent or more are not uncommon. This phenomenon is reversible when the water content decreases due to evaporation, evapotranspiration and absorption by the roots (Figure 1). The cost of repairing these damages is quite high (Osman and Charlie, 1983; Nuhfer, 1994; Azam et al., 2013). Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. The compacted sand layer acts as a shock absorber to reduce the swelling pressure effect of the soil. In this experiment, the clay layer covering the bottom 1cm of the ring thickness, under porous stone and sand layer, is loaded with a total of 0.43kPa. (2021). Civan, F. (2016). Expansion and contraction with changes in moisture content limit expansive soils engineering uses without some sort of modification. The experiments have been conducted on the clayey soil samples were to determine physical and chemical properties. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(6):707714, Yadu L, Tripathi RK, Singh D (2011) Comparison of fly ash and rice husk ash stabilized black cotton soil. Comparative Study of Expansive and Non-expansive Soils Stabilized with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). Nuhfer, E. B. Certain soils can absorb a high amount of water resulting in an increase in volume and swell. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. (2012). Soil Mech. Engrg. Fissures in the soil can also develop. An Evaluation of Expedient of Methodology for Identification of Potentially Expansive Soils, in Soils and Pavements Lab, US Army Eng. This article focuses on how the swelling phenomenon is triggered in expansive clays. expansive definition: 1. very happy to talk to people in a friendly way: 2. covering a large area: 3. very happy to. Characteristic expansive or swelling materials are highly plastic clays and clay shales that often contain colloidal clay minerals such as the montmorillonites. Expansive soils have to be considered during the engineering process before construction of buildings, pavements, electrical pylons, pipelines, or other projects can begin. From this figure, it is seen that data of non-expansive soils, characterised by a swell pressure lower or equal to nearly 50kPa belong to the side where Cc/Cs ratio is greater than 10. J Eng Geol 30:141149, Saeed KA, Kassim KA, Yunus NZ, Nur H (2013) Characterization of hydrated lime-stabilized brown kaolin clay. Villey, M. (2010). The cost of repairs and mitigation can be extremely high - it sometimes exceeds the value of the home. We are your one-stop shop for Calciment, quicklime, bed ash, fly ash, cement, hydrated lime, & more. Each time, the swelling evolution attains a plateau corresponding to the end of swelling. This water movement generates pressure and, consequently, induces the swelling of the clay (Sahin, 2011). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Kharagpur. Springer, Singapore. In the three last decades, the repair of several constructions was affected by extreme damage attributed to the swelling phenomena (Bouassida et al., 2006). of expansive soils can be found in all of the soil categories shown on this Expansive soils are among the top natural hazards and phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes (Chen, 1975). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs.