Stem Aerial, erect, unbranched and columnar, having prominent scars of leaf bases. The exocarp is the glossy outer skin, usually yellow-green to yellow-brown in color. Coconut water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar. Partially defatted edible coconut grating is an excellent product and used in bakery and confectionary. It is cultivated by about 11 million farmers on 12 million hectares; 80% of total production comes from Asia (Adkins et al., 2006). Her articles have appeared in "Newton Magazine" and she has contributed to myriad popular books, including "Masters of Deception" and "Click: The Ultimate Photography Guide for Generation Now." The global virgin coconut oil market captured significant revenue in 2016 and is expected to expand at a CAGR of around 11% over the forecast period. Copyright 2020 Deejay Coconut Farm Pvt Ltd | All Rights Reserved |, Scope for Coconut Cultivation and its National Importance, Four things you most likely didnt know about coconut hybridization. According to the Encyclopaedia Brittanica, the coconut and African oil palms have important roles in international trade as sources of vegetable oil and fat. The tender nut supplies coconut water, a popular thirst quencher of health and hygienic value. Coconut meal leftovers from oil and milk production feeds livestock. For the ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking horse, see, Geographical distributions of Indo-Atlantic and Pacific coconut subpopulations and their genetic composition (Gunn, Inferred historical introduction of coconuts from the original centers of diversity in the, "Grated coconut" redirects here. Virgin coconut oil is predicted to experience high demand from consumers with higher health consciousness and as well as aging population. Narali Purnima is celebrated on a full moon day which usually signifies the end of monsoon season in India. [86][87][88][84], The pole method uses a long pole with a cutting device at the end. The fragments are dated to approximately 1000BCE, suggesting that cultivation and artificial selection of coconuts were already practiced by the Austronesian Lapita people. Many of the smallest coral islands in the Florida Keys are known to have abundant coconut palms sprouting from coconuts that have drifted or been deposited by ocean currents. As of 2006, the U.S. annually imported 190 million pounds of coconut oil, whose worldwide trade reached $20 million. Rajamohan T. Clinical Biochemistry. These skilled, unpaid laborers can pick hundreds of coconuts daily. What Are the Major Regions of Manufacturing Lisa Smith has been an editor and writer since 1991. Virgin coconut oil is predicted to experience high demand from consumers with higher health consciousness and as well as aging population. . In India, the woven coconut leaves are used to build wedding marquees, especially in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. [49][4] Indo-Atlantic type coconuts were also later spread by Arab and South Asian traders along the Indian Ocean basin, resulting in limited admixture with Pacific coconuts introduced earlier to Madagascar and the Comoros via the ancient Austronesian maritime trade network. The coconut industry is an important pillar of Philippine agriculture. [27] [14][15], The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown seed coat around 0.2mm (164in) thick. Coconut is grown in more than20.88 lakhha in the country with an estimated22167.45 million nuts during 2015-16with an average productivity of10614 nuts per ha. Reduces inflammation. [154] Activated carbon manufactured from coconut shell is considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities. These includes two specimens named "Cocos" palaeonucifera and "Cocos" binoriensis, both were dated by their authors to the MaastrichtianDanian of the early Tertiary (70 to 62 million years ago). Request Answer. It is also used as a natural moisturizer, especially for winter. The nuts we had in baskets on deck remained edible and capable of germinating the whole way to Polynesia. Coconuts were also later spread in historic times along the coasts of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans by South Asian, Arab, and European sailors. She has worked in some of the worlds most prestigious kitchens, and has published several cookbooks that have become bestsellers. As of 2006, the U.S. annually imported 190 million pounds of coconut oil, whose worldwide trade reached $20 million. The researchers concluded that it was brought by early Austronesian sailors to the Americas from at least 2,250 BP, and may be proof of pre-Columbian contact between Austronesian cultures and South American cultures. In Vanuatu, coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9m (30ft) apart, allowing a tree density of 100 to 160 per hectare (40 to 65 per acre). In the Philippines, the traditional tool is known as the halabas and is made from a long bamboo pole with a sickle-like blade mounted at the tip. [138] Coconut oil extracted from coconut milk or copra is also used for frying, cooking, and making margarine, among other uses.[134][139]. ; Diekmann, M. In addition to its use as a food, the coconut is also a source of oil, which is used in cooking and in the production of a range of products, including soaps, cosmetics, and candles. Be notified when an answer is posted. Coconut oil is also a main ingredient in Ayurvedic oils. Coconut is an important tree crop with diverse end-users and employment generation potentials. Fresh husks contain more tannin than old husks. "Chapter 12 Coconut". ~It also helps to make skin softer and more supple. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37C (82 and 99F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 412C (3954F); they will survive brief drops to 0C (32F). [78] Manually climbing trees is traditional in most countries and requires a specific posture that exerts pressure on the trunk with the feet. The main coconut-producing area in the Middle East is the Dhofar region of Oman, but they can be grown all along the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Red Sea coasts, because these seas are tropical and provide enough humidity (through seawater evaporation) for coconut trees to grow. In Coco Coir Global, we are honored to be the leading coir substrate manufacturing company with top-grade products that are trusted and confirmed by many customers around the world. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites. Because of its properties that reduce appetite and boost metabolism, coconut oil can help in losing fat in the long term. [79][80][81], To avoid this, coconuts workers in the Philippines and Guam traditionally use bolos tied with a rope to the waist to cut grooves at regular intervals on the coconut trunks. The coconut sector in the past has been dominated by products, copra and coconut oil, and the international coconut trade used to be driven by the demand for . "The potential of the Coconut Industry is huge and benefits are available for parties from all sectors. Bourke, R. Michael and Tracy Harwood (Eds.). [136][137] In the Philippines, sweetened reduced coconut milk is marketed as coconut syrup and is used for various desserts. In the west coast of India, the palm is an essential component in the homestead system of farming. and early germination on the palm (vivipary) was important. What happens to your body if you drink coconut water everyday? During germination, the embryo pushes out of the functional pore and forms a haustorium (the coconut sprout) inside the central cavity. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of the medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil could also help reduce acne. In foods, coconut is used in various preparations. Dried coconut leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for lime. Flowers are protandrous, the female flowers open, after the male flowers have withered. Coconut trunks are used for building small bridges and huts; they are preferred for their straightness, strength, and salt resistance. The hard shells, fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decoration. Coconut fruits float readily and have been dispersed widely by ocean currents and by humans throughout the tropics. [49][18][61], The niu kafa form is the wild ancestral type, with thick husks to protect the seed, an angular, highly ridged shape to promote buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed fruits to dig into the sand, preventing them from being washed away during germination on a new island. [57] If they were naturally distributed and had been in the Pacific for a thousand years or so, then we would expect the eastern shore of Australia, with its own islands sheltered by the Great Barrier Reef, to have been thick with coconut palms: the currents were directly into, and down along this coast. The word Narali is derived from naral implying "coconut" in Marathi. The socio-economic importance of coconut sector in Jamaica Although agriculture's contribution to Jamaica's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has steadily declined over the past two decades (and in 2009 stood at 5.2%), this sector absorbs 20% of the country's employed labour force. Early Spanish explorers called it coco, meaning "monkey face." Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The day is recognized as the beginning of the joyful, colourful Holi celebrations and is seen as a symbolic triumph of good over evil. [151][152], Coconut butter is often used to describe solidified coconut oil, but has also been adopted as an alternate name for creamed coconut, a specialty product made of coconut milk solids or pured coconut meat and oil.[117]. The Pacific group is the only one to display clear genetic and phenotypic indications that they were domesticated; including dwarf habit, self-pollination, and the round "niu vai" fruit morphology with larger endosperm-to-husk ratios. [113], Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a surfactant manufactured from coconut oil that is increasingly used as an ingredient in personal hygiene products and cosmetics, such as shampoos, liquid soaps, cleansers and antiseptics, among others. Although these numbers are modest, coconut is an important food crop in Sri Lanka in that it provides The coconut populations in the island show genetic admixture between the two subpopulations indicating that Pacific coconuts were brought by the Austronesian settlers that later interbred with the local Indo-Atlantic coconuts. Nata de coco, also called coconut gel, is another jelly-like coconut product made from fermented coconut water. They are considered a rare delicacy, as harvesting the buds kills the palms. [164] The smell of coconuts comes from the 6-pentyloxan-2-one molecule, known as -decalactone in the food and fragrance industries. Coconut withstands conditions considered marginal for many food crops and is a stabilizing factor in the farming systems of fragile environments. These two forms are referred to by the Samoan terms niu kafa for the elongated wild coconuts, and niu vai for the rounded domesticated Pacific coconuts. Bertrand, Mireille. This invertebrate builds armor from coconut halves", "Indonesia's veined octopus 'stilt walks' to collect coconut shells", "Coconut Fruit Of Lustre In Indian Culture", "How the Zulu coconut was saved from extinction", "Living Heritage Marcellin College Sina and the Eel", "The Fifth Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman The Arabian Nights The Thousand and One Nights Sir Richard Burton translator", Coconut revival new possibilities for the 'tree of life', https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coconut&oldid=1136466340, Mean daily temperature above 1213C (5455F) every day of the year, Mean annual rainfall above 1,000mm (39in). Indo-Atlantic coconuts, in contrast, all have the ancestral traits of tall habits and elongated triangular fruits. Add an answer. Coconut flesh is high in fat and can be dried or eaten fresh or processed into coconut milk orcoconut oil. [177], Some South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin myths in which the coconut plays the main role. The UAE has, however, imposed strict laws on mature coconut tree imports from other countries to reduce the spread of pests to other native palm trees, as the mixing of date and coconut trees poses a risk of cross-species palm pests, such as rhinoceros beetles and red palm weevils. The fresh husk of a brown coconut may serve as a dish sponge or body sponge. ", "Indian state decides coconut trees are no longer trees but palms", "Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 13251354", "Coconut Industry in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Export Development Board", "Australia has a lot of coconut palms so why don't we have a coconut industry? The coconut was a critical food item for the people of Polynesia, and the Polynesians brought it with them as they spread to new islands.[170]. While comparable to sports drinks, which can be loaded with added sugars and flavorings, coconut water is low in calories and carbs. Theyre mostly green until they fully mature. As of 2006, the U.S. annually imported 190 million pounds of coconut oil, whose worldwide trade reached $20 million. [27][29][30] Conran et al. [130], A special cultivar of coconut known as macapuno produces a large amount of jelly-like coconut meat. For for the bucking horse, see. The terms are derived from the Samoan language and was adopted into scientific usage by Harries (1978). Why Are There No Coconuts In North India? The terminology is derived from the Tagalog language. Oilseeds, overall. Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of New South Wales. Traditional Training of Pig-tailed Macaques as Coconut HarvestersM Bertrand; Science; Jan 1967. Copra prices went down and plantations were neglected or under-planted with other crops. Other aspects such as seed size, shape and weight, and copra thickness are also important factors in the selection of new cultivars. Coconut oil is one of nine internationally traded vegetable oils and ranks eighth in global production. In the Hainuwele myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree. The biggest barrier to establishing an investment climate for coconut and an economic alternative to oil palm land area expansion is the critical lack of quality planting materials and coconut investment model. They have a thick fibrous husk surrounding the single-seeded nut. Plants are intolerant of cold weather and prefer copious precipitation, as well as full sunlight. A hard shell encloses the insignificant embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid. The Makapuno (phenomenon) coconut is recognized to be due to the absence of two enzymes in the nut that are responsible in the degradation of the galactomannan in the solid endosp It is eaten as is or used as an ingredient in various dishes. Do you know 80 million poor people depend directly on coconut for their livelihood in 90 countries? Coconut oil is also considered good for hair. Miami is the only city outside of Greenwich, Connecticut, where the organization hosts an event. Ans : Ripening is characterised by an increase in the breakdown of starch within the fruit, as well as an increase in the number of simple sugars that are sweet in taste such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose as a result of this breakdown. The endocarp or shell is used for fuel for making shell charcoal, activated carbon etc. Therefore, heavy turf grass environments (beach resorts and golf courses) also pose a major threat to local coconut trees. Coconut is a crop of small and marginal farmers since 98% of about five million coconut holdings in the country are less than two hectares. The leaves also provide material for baskets that can draw well water and for roofing thatch; they can be woven into mats, cooking skewers, and kindling arrows as well. and Koop Wind (Eds.). The traditional coconut farming in these countries is an integral part of their life, culture and identity. However, several states like Assam, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tripura, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh have emerged as non-traditional areas for the cultivation of coconut. It has applications in furniture and specialized construction, as notably demonstrated in Manila's Coconut Palace. The Philippines and Indonesia lead in copra production, and throughout the South Pacific copra is one of the most important export products. The husks of the coconut are a source of coir, a fiber used in the production of brushes, matting, and other products. : B.arenosella, B.atriloqua (feeds exclusively on C.nucifera), B.mathesoni (feeds exclusively on C.nucifera), and B. What is the economic importance of coconut? This ritual, known as niniyogan, is an offering made to the deceased and one's ancestors. [14][16][17], Coconut fruits have two distinctive forms depending on domestication. [182] The earliest direct description is given by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Topographia Christiana written around 545, referred to as "the great nut of India". Updates? [178] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Climbing is the most widespread, but it is also more dangerous and requires skilled workers. Man cannot subsist solely on cereal grains. The coir is used to make brooms in Cambodia.[158]. [120] They can also be determined traditionally by tapping on the coconut fruit. The coconut's obscure origin in foreign lands led to the notion of using cups made from the shell to neutralise poisoned drinks. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence all point to the early domestication of Pacific coconuts by the Austronesian peoples in maritime Southeast Asia during the Austronesian expansion (c.3000 to 1500BCE). [158], The leftover fiber from coconut oil and coconut milk production, coconut meal, is used as livestock feed. Drift models based on wind and ocean currents have shown that coconuts could not have drifted across the Pacific unaided. Indonesia overtook it in 2010. Moreover, it also helps to increase productivity and improve agricultural product value. Coconut cultivation spans about 402 649 ha which accounts for 21 per cent of agricultural lands in the country. And no coconut can float over the sea faster than a balsa raft moves with the wind behind it. They played a critical role in the long sea voyages of Austronesians by providing a portable source of food and water, as well as providing building materials for Austronesian outrigger boats. The mesocarp is composed of a fiber, called coir, which has many traditional and commercial uses. Most less-developed countries depend on agriculture as a major source of income and employment. Some of the intercrops identified include cassava, bananas, blackpepper and ginger. The export of spices generates foreign exchange earnings of Rs. This type of root system is known as fibrous or adventitious, and is a characteristic of grass species. In Cambodia, the roots are used in traditional medicine as a treatment for dysentery. The liquids inside of a coconut are available as Shredded sweetened coconut 100g 500 calories 48g carbs 43g sugar 35g fat 4. Perera, Lalith, Suriya A.C.N. This article was most recently revised and updated by. A coconut is the edible fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), a tree of the palm family. The use of coconut branches in corporal punishment was revived in the Gilbertese community on Choiseul in the Solomon Islands in 2005. The meat of green coconuts is still developing, so they contain mostly water (2). [48][51][57] During the colonial era, Pacific coconuts were further introduced to Mexico from the Spanish East Indies via the Manila galleons. Composition and Uses: The following products of coconut are useful to human being. The decoration of foots is astringent and is used as mouth was and gargle. Coconut plays a significant role in the agrarian economy of India. [78], A more controversial method employed by a small number of coconut farmers in Thailand and Malaysia use trained pig-tailed macaques to harvest coconuts. [7] A frayed piece of root can also be used as a toothbrush. All rights reserved. What are the physical characteristics of a coconut? In Thailand, the coconut husk is used as a potting medium to produce healthy forest tree saplings. de Lourdes Arruzazabala, M.; Molina, V.; Ms, R.; Carbajal, D.; Marrero, D.; Gonzlez, V.; Rodrguez, E. (2007). The haustorium absorbs the solid endosperm to nourish the seedling. Coconuts are grown in more than 93 countries in the world and therefore there is considerable scope to develop coir industry in further countries. The 2014 coral atoll origin hypothesis proposed that the coconut had dispersed in an island hopping fashion using the small, sometimes transient, coral atolls. He took the term from the Arabs, who called it jawz hind, translating to 'Indian nut'. About 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by Indonesia, the Philippines, and India. For example, the Polynesian and Melanesian term niu; Tagalog and Chamorro term niyog; and the Malay word nyiur or nyior. Climbers employed in coconut plantations often develop musculoskeletal disorders and risk severe injury or death from falling. Malauhog has a "solid" sound when tapped, while Malakanin and Malakatad produce a "hollow" sound. It is claimed that they evolved to disperse significant distances via marine currents. It is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities, mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values. Consumers feel that fresh-cut fruits and vegetables are the healthiest formats available for processed fruits and vegetables, which has allowed the fresh-cut category to prosper. This accompanies the palagip (prayer to the dead). "The truth behind the "widespread" practice of monkeys harvesting coconuts in Thailand impacting on consumers & retailers", "Focus: Thai coconut farmers reject monkey abuse charges, suffer lost income", "Reviving the Coconut Industry of the Philippines", "Coconut faces a looming global supply shortage, but could an Australian industry crack it? However, both James Cook and William Bligh[69] (put adrift after the Bounty mutiny) found no sign of the nuts along this 2,000km (1,200mi) stretch when he needed water for his crew. The husks can be used as flotation devices. nuciferae. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. [108] The artificial landscaping may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm disease that leads to the death of the tree. 2) The Wet Meat or Kernel: The kernel or endospermis an important article of food being used in culinary purpose. Several countries' economies are based on the coconut palm. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. One of the primary economic contributions of the coconut is as a source of food. [49][11][65][64], Another ancestral variety is the niu leka of Polynesia (sometimes called the "Compact Dwarfs"). The biggest barrier to establishing an investment climate for coconut and an economic alternative to oil palm land area expansion is the critical lack of quality planting materials and coconut investment model. (2006). The leaves are used for thatching houses, or for decorating climbing frames and meeting rooms in Cambodia, where the plant is known as d:ng.[158]. [161] It is used in horticulture in potting compost, especially in orchid mix. Improves hair health: Eating or applying coconut oil in your hair stimulates hair growth, prevents hair breakage and split ends. 3rd Floor, St Patricks Complex, Brigade Road, Coconut oil is moisturizing and has been used for centuries as a hair tonic and skin care product. On many islands, coconut is a staple in the diet. [13] It is consumed throughout the humid tropics, and has been introduced into the retail market as a processed sports drink. Coconuts could not reach inland locations without human intervention (to carry seednuts, plant seedlings, etc.) Two of the pores are plugged (the "eyes"), while one is functional. [64], The dwarf coconut cultivars are fully domesticated, in contrast to tall cultivars which display greater diversity in terms of domestication (and lack thereof). Although it shares similar characteristics to dwarf coconuts (including slow growth), it is genetically distinct and is thus believed to be independently domesticated, likely in Tonga.