She recommends choosing green tea as often as possible if youre a tea drinker. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Many individuals use the chamomile to diminish the symptoms of anxiety, insomnia and gastrointestinal distress, although scientific research does not validate the use of chamomile tea to treat health conditions. Omega-3 fatty acids can help prevent blood platelets from sticking together and forming blood clots. While these products are intended to boost health, and may make claims to that effect, robust clinical studies may be lacking. You should always consult with your doctor or pharmacist before starting or changing any medication regimen, including adding or removing foods from your diet. Consult with your doctor if you have concerns about caffeine and Eliquis. What Foods To Eat And Avoid While Taking Eliquis (Apixaban). Marx W, McKavanagh D, McCarthy AL, Bird R, Ried K, Chan A, Isenring L. The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Platelet Aggregation: A Systematic Literature Review. You can also take Eliquis and drink coffee together. A study found that taking the osteoporosis drug alendronate (brand name . Coffee, tea, tobacco, and cancer of the large bowel. DVTs sometimes dont have any symptoms. This means that drinking hibiscus tea can actually induce menstruation. It alerts doctors and patients about potential risks associated with a medication. Broccoli can be eaten while taking blood thinners as long as it is consumed in moderation. Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. Never skip a dose, and never take a double dose. Interestingly, green tea also has a component that prevents clotting, says the University of Maryland Medical Center 1 3. Statins & grapefruitor maybe not. Chamomile Tea Potential Side Effects Avoid drinking chamomile tea if you take anticoagulant medications such as warfarin, heparin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine or pentoxifylline. Doxycycline and Cancerogenesis, Impairment of Fertility. Furthermore, as a result, it can be difficult to obtain accurate data on potential interactions between herbal medications and prescription medications. Eliquis is manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and comes in 2.5 milligram- and 5-milligram tablets. Your healthcare provider can also refer you to a dietician if you need extra help planning a heart-healthy diet. Green tea is a popular beverage that is consumed for its many health benefits. What vitamins should you not take with eliquis? Hibiscus tea can interfere with the functions of Captopril, Losartan, and Simvastatin, all prescribed for cardiovascular issues. With ELIQUIS, you can continue eating the healthy foods you like. What about foods with the, Eliquis is a blood thinner/anticoagulant that works by blocking factor Xa (pronounced tenA), which is a clotting factor in our blood that helps clots to form. J Am Heart Assoc. Its important to discuss supplement use with your doctor. Does peppermint tea interact with any medications? How many cups of peppermint tea should you drink a day? Clozapine The anti-psychotic effects of the medication clozapine may be reduced if taken fewer than 40 minutes after drinking green tea. Lithium -- Green tea has been shown to reduce blood levels of lithium (a medication used . A diet high in saturated fats, red meat, and fast foods tend to promote fatty plaques in your blood vessels, which can increase the, Herbs and supplements to avoid with Eliquis. Generally speaking, however, it is safe to drink tea while taking eliquis. . Today, herbal supplements and nutraceuticals can be purchased over-the-counter and may be labeled all-natural. You also have to consider your individual caffeine sensitivity. Green tea may be an option. View abstract. While its likely safe to enjoy ginger in small amounts, such as in cooked dishes, you should probably avoid taking large doses, such as in the form of ginger supplements. Oral Contraceptives Oral contraceptives can prolong the amount of time caffeine stays in the body and may increase its stimulating effects. Salicylates can block the action of vitamin K, which promotes blood clotting by producing certain clotting factors (3). Clozapine The anti-psychotic effects of the medication clozapine may be reduced if taken fewer than 40 minutes after drinking green tea. A diet rich in plant-based foods, such as a Mediterranean eating style, is a great plan to follow while taking Eliquis. It is advisable to speak to a doctor or pharmacist before consuming any food or beverage while taking eliquis, as there may be potential interactions. There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on the individuals medical history and current health condition. Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. . Risk of major bleeding by 31%. Many patients placed on Eliquis for the first time have underlying heart disease. Find out how to avoid these four common food-drug interactions. Eliquis is a prescription medication that is used to prevent blood clots. A chemical analysis of caffeine content in teas steeped for five minutes found Exotica China White tea has 34 milligrams , Stash Premium Green tea has 39 mg, and Stash Earl Grey Black tea has 51 mg of caffeine in an 8 ounce cup. Roman chamomile can be taken in several forms. Many of these side effects can be managed, and some may go away on their own over time. Black stool usually indicates something bleeding in your upper GI tract, such as your esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine. Do you have a list of or can you tell me where to find information about what herbal products and teas are safe to take with Eliquis? Because of its ability to keep the blood thin, vitamin K is essential. Avoid grapefruit unless MD instructs otherwise. Anti means against and coagulant means to thicken into a gel or solid. Medication Interactions Peppermint may interact with certain medications. 9 Peppermint teas relaxing properties can cause the sphincter muscle of the stomach and esophagus to relax, exacerbating acid reflux. Since herbals and supplements are not regulated by the FDA like other prescription medications, it can be more difficult to come by quality data on potential interactions between herbal medications and prescription meds. People . People often worry about how routine medicines like blood thinner pills will affect their lifestyles. For example, chamomile contains compounds that have anticoagulant properties, and a case report in 2006 from Montreal showed that a person using chamomile lotion and drinking chamomile tea while taking warfarin had a life-threatening case of internal bleeding due to the interaction. Our goal is to help you learn more about tea so that you can enjoy it to the fullest. It is intended for general informational purposes and is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It must also be checked if intake of green tea along with prescription medications can increase . Dietary fiber is a nutrient that can help lower high levels of LDL cholesterol and reduce fatty plaque buildup that can lead to blockages. While this side effect is rare, those who have dizziness, especially sudden dizziness, while taking Eliquis should seek immediate medical care. Home Spices Can I Drink Peppermint Tea While On Eliquis? If you think you may have a medical emergency, immediately call your physician or dial 911. Biopharm.Drug Dispos. While taking anticoagulants, it is acceptable to drink moderately. 2-3 cupsWhile there are no set guidelines regarding how many cups of peppermint tea you should have a day, most studies recommend 2-3 cups, with a few researchers suggesting that drinking up to 4-5 cups may be fine as well. What happens if you drink peppermint tea everyday? Mortality by 11%. Eliquis has a black box warning from the FDA, which is the highest level of caution. Doing so can result in abnormally low blood . People who take warfarin or acetylsalicylic acid-containing medications should limit their alcohol intake. A blood thinner is a kind of drug called an anticoagulant . According to a study in the Israeli journal Harefuah, the beverage has antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help you open up blocked sinus cavities. In September 2014, they approved it to help treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), which occur from blood clots. The menthol makes the Mint tea taste like a classic crisp mint, while we describe our Peppermint tea as a buttery mint. may decrease the effectiveness of apixaban. FYRTORR LTD. (Reg. Drinking alcohol while taking blood thinners is not recommended for some people. Your blood thinners impact the way your body works and so do other medications. A side effect is an unwanted response to a medication when it is taken in normal doses. There are some people who are concerned about taking blood thinners with cranberry juice. Foods containing vitamin K have the potential to reduce the effectiveness of warfarin because they block the effects of vitamin K in the body. Although most of the side effects listed below dont happen very often, they could lead to serious problems if you do not seek medical attention. The two main things to look out for in terms of this are red blood either in or on the stool, and black stool. Learn How Genetics Make Some Fans of Fear, Dr. Whyte's Book: Take Control of Your Cancer Risk, How Breast Cancer Changed My Life and Me, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, List Eliquis side effects by likelihood and severity. The majority of studies recommend drinking 2-3 cups of peppermint tea per day, but you can take it up to 4-5 cups. Not only can herbal medications interact with prescription meds, but they can also be dangerous if you have any liver or kidney problems. SSRIs used to treat depression may also increase the risk of bleeding while taking Eliquis. Therefore, drinking hibiscus tea while taking blood pressure medication may give you a better result or accidentally push your blood pressure too low. The majority of blood thinners can be taken safely with moderate alcohol consumption. Does Green Tea Really Work For Erectile Dysfunction? Another common herb that could hinder the results from Eliquis is turmeric. An experimental study in rats. The active ingredient in turmeric is curcumin that has anti-inflammatory and blood-thinning or anticoagulant properties. Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Advil, Motrin and Aleve. Lithium Green tea has been shown to reduce blood levels of lithium . understand that may opt out of bensnaturalhealth A drink of green tea, particularly one containing green tea, may be beneficial to some people. I have problems with anxiety. Vitamin K can be found in a variety of foods, including leafy green vegetables, red meat, and dairy products. Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of persistent, irregular heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmia). It should not be taken with cyclosporine, a drug taken by organ transplant patients. These medications are used to slow blood clotting and include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, and others), enoxaparin (Lovenox), and more. As a result, peppermint tea is considered very likely to be safe for use. Fortunately, Eliquis has not been shown to have a bad interaction with any foods. Biomolecules. If you want to be calmed and soothed, go for peppermint! If you choose to drink alcohol, do not drink more than 2 standard drinks a day. Eliquis, which was approved by the FDA in 2012, lowers the risk of stroke and blood clots in people who already have them. OTC agents for example Chinese herbs, ginger root, gingko biloba, herb teas and turmeric all can potentially increase bleeding risk when coupled with apixaban. RELATED: The best diet for high cholesterol. Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur: Stop taking the medication and seek immediate medical attention if any of the following occur: Dont Miss: Is The Teas Exam Hard To Pass. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6920963/. What you eat and drink can cause harmful effects when mixed with certain drugs. First, Eliquis can increase the risk of bleeding, so it is important to avoid teas that contain high levels of caffeine or other stimulants. Try to eat a heart-healthy diet while on Eliquis to further help boost your cardiovascular and overall health. As a result of the information provided, it is reasonable to assume that eliquis does not limit the foods that can be consumed. 1997 100:789-791. Eliquis is also used in post-surgical patients to help prevent blood clots after surgery. Low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased prevalence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (4). Unlike the previously best known anticoagulant Warfarin, Eliquis is far much better because it significantly reduces: Risk of stroke or systemic embolism by 21%. It may increase . J Allergy Clin.Immunol. Eliquis is a blood thinner/anticoagulant that works by blocking factor Xa (pronounced tenA), which is a clotting factor in our blood that helps clots to form. Certain herbal supplements are known to reduce the effects of Eliquis. You can choose a pill organizer with AM and PM designations so youll always remember if you took your dose, which can prevent accidental extra doses. According to the American Blood Clot Association, one study showed that the alcohol content in 1 or 2 drinks could potentially decrease blood clotting. Eliquis is in the drug class factor Xa inhibitors . There appears to be no restrictions on the food you can drink with Eliquias, so you can drink whatever you want. Eliquis comes with a black box warning. A salicylic acid is a compound found in some plant foods that can be used as a blood thinner. As with most teas, talk to your doctor if youre taking blood thinners like Coumadin or anti-platelet drugs such as Plavix . Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis after Hip Replacement Surgery. Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Eliquis can be used in patients with atrial fibrillation, a type of irregular heart rhythm. Since turmeric can increase bleeding during and after surgery, it's also recommended to stop taking curcumin supplements at least 2 weeks before a planned . after the FDA approved the drug. Eliquis is an anticoagulant, which means it helps prevent blood clots from forming as quickly as they normally do. Women should limit their alcohol consumption to one drink a day, and men should limit it to two drinks a day. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 36 people who take Eliquis and . For use in tea, place 1-4 grams of the herbal substance in 100-150 ml of boiling water three times each day between meals. Barr, H. M. and Streissguth, A. P. Caffeine use during pregnancy and child outcome: a 7-year prospective study. The American Heart Association has some diet recommendations online. Additionally. However, many patients taking Eliquis also have coronary artery disease (CAD), and often these patients have limits placed on their caffeine intake by their doctor. Replace that sugar-loaded sweet tea with a glass of brewed ginseng tea instead. heavy menstrual bleeding; headache, dizziness, weakness, feeling like you might pass out; urine that looks red, pink, or brown; or. (The two substances may prevent blood from clotting.) If you need to discontinue Eliquis, it should be done carefully and under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Eur.J.Cancer Prev. In addition, patients with AFib are often told to avoid caffeine altogether. Contact your doctor if you experience these side effects and they are severe or bothersome. I was looking on the internet and found a site that says chamomile tea, garlic and ginger are not safe to take with Eliquis. Dear Dr. Roach: I am taking Eliquis and need to know what are some safe herbs and herbal teas. The ability of your blood to clot is necessary for survival. This evaluation can indicate fitness for exercise, to detect heart problems, or even be used as surgery preparation, is a blood thinner medication that is used to both prevent and treat blood clots (including medical conditions like venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis) as well as to prevent strokes and blood clots associated with, Many people are aware of the old faithful blood thinner, , and how certain foods need to be avoided with warfarin. black or bloody stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks . Significantly lower in caffeine than coffee, the caffeine youll get in a cup of tea varies depending on the type of tea, the brand, how it was processed, and how long it steeps. Acetylsalicylic acid, derived from salicylate works like aspirin that helps in preventing stroke. Considering our findings and despite the fact that peppermint tea falls into the likely safe category of herbal medicine, we recommend avoiding mint tea for patients with artificial heart valves as well as patients under warfarin treatment. Fruit and juices are also found to contain it. Can you eat salad while taking eliquis? The two are similar in flavor, but our Mint tea contains a higher concentration of menthol, making its flavor more robust and more pronounced. Coffee is fairly harmless to human body. Because green tea contains vitamin K, it may be ineffective as a anticoagulant. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. The maximum daily dosage of Eliquis is typically 10 milligrams twice daily. View abstract. The usual culprits when it comes to food-drug interactions, such as leafy green vegetables, grapefruit juice, cranberry juice, coffee, and peppermint tea, are safe to enjoy while taking Eliquis. Using OTC agents such as Chinese herbs, ginger, gingko biloba, herbal teas, and turmeric can raise your risk of bleeding. Its the kind of thing I wouldnt want anyone to treat on their own. Education Since Eliquis is metabolized in the liver, alcohol-induced liver disease could negatively influence the effects of the drug. Full Drug Information. Apixaban is a prescription blood thinner available as Eliquis (Apixaban). Well discuss Eliquis in depth in this article, as well as what foods to eat and avoid while taking Eliquis (Apixaban). The use of herbal supplements has a long history dating back thousands of years. When combined with OTC agents like Chinese herbs, ginger, gingko biloba, herbal teas, and turmeric, apixaban can increase bleeding risk. Eliquis is an anticoagulant, which means it prevents blood clots from forming. There are many clotting factors in our blood, and factor Xa is one of the main ones. An 8 ounce cup of green tea gives you from 24 to 45 mg caffeine depending on how long its brewed, notes the Mayo Clinic. This is sometimes referred to as a factor Xa inhibitor. Fortunately, Eliquis has not been shown to have a bad interaction with any foods. The American Heart Association has some diet recommendations online. Energy Drinks & Blood Thinners. Red blood either mixed with stool or coming from the rectum, usually indicates something bleeding in your colon (large intestine). Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Ephedrine -- When taken together with ephedrine, green tea may cause agitation, tremors, insomnia, and weight loss. Apixaban's effectiveness can be reduced by taking medication . While taking Eliquis, eat leafy green vegetables, grapefruit juice, cranberry juice, coffee, and peppermint tea to avoid food-drug interactions. Pharmacy names, logos, brands, and other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. What are the side effects of peppermint tea? Here is the data on the warfarin case: "Clinical evidence A 70-year-old woman stabilised on warfarin with an INR of 3.6 started drinking 4 to 5 cups of chamomile tea. There is evidence of oncogenic (cancerous) activity in rats in studies with the related antibacterial drugs oxytetracycline (adrenal and pituitary tumors) and minocycline (thyroid tumors). Some of the best sources of omega-3s include: Taking high doses of omega-3s while on Eliquis might increase your risk of severe bleeding. The most common side effects while taking Eliquis include: Most of the time, bleeding from Eliquis is considered minor. They also contain antioxidants which help fight inflammation. View abstract. The dosage for the metoporal was 12.5 MG three times a day. The phase IV clinical study analyzes what interactions people who take Eliquis and Green tea extract have. If this happens when your doctor is not available, skip the missed dose and start again the next day. This is because ginkgo biloba slows blood clotting, and taking it in conjunction with other drugs . I was looking on the Internet and found a site that says chamomile tea, garlic . Dizziness or lightheadedness. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Atrial Fibrillation And Green Tea: What You Need To Know. cardiovascular disease. . All Rights Reserved. With a few simple steps, taking a blood thinner can be safe and easy. Mixing diabetes medication with alcohol is never a good idea. Seniors: People over the age of 75 are at an increased risk of bleeding. Youd experience severe blood loss from minor cuts and scrapes if your blood didnt clot. 1. Interactions. There are a few foods to avoid while taking eliquis. Pfizer predicted first-year sales of $350 million. 2000 96:85-89. All medications, even life-savings ones, have potential side effects and risks. I also agree Report any unusual bruising or bleeding to your doctor immediately. Using the two together may increase your risk of bleeding. Mohammad S, Mishra A, Ashraf MZ. People who drink more than the recommended amount may increase their risk of: liver disease. If you have surgery planned, your healthcare provider can guide you on how to adjust Eliquis before and after surgery to minimize complications. Green Tea And Iron Deficiency: Everything You Need To Know, When Can We Drink Milk After Using Green Tea Extraction, The Many Benefits Of Green Tea For Your Skin. The usual culprits when it comes to food-drug interactions, such as leafy green vegetables, grapefruit juice, cranberry juice, coffee, and peppermint tea, are safe to enjoy while taking Eliquis. Eliquis has potential side effects and warnings. Let's read on to see how hibiscus can affect those drugs if they . I have written several books on the subject of tea and herbalism, and I am always happy to share my knowledge with those who are interested in learning more. This is why you were cautioned against chamomile with Eliquis. This means that drinking alcohol while taking Eliquis could increase . Read Also: Where To Purchase Smooth Move Tea. It has been suggested that green tea may thin your blood, but it is not yet known how effective it is for anticoagulants. There are different types of blood thinners. The risks of combining alcohol and blood thinners are even . When combined with OTC agents such as Chinese herbs, ginger, gingko biloba, herbal teas, and turmeric, these agents can raise the risk of bleeding. Green . Studies show that drugs like antidepressants, thyroid medication and osteoporosis drugs can be affected by coffee. A change in your diet, medicine, or dosage may be necessary. People of all ages should be able to enjoy peppermint tea. Any medicine that contains heparin such as Lovenox, Innohep or Fragmin. Taking too much or too little Eliquis can result in abnormal bleeding or blood clots, which can be serious and even fatal. Excessive caffeine consumption, for example, can lead to an irregular heartbeat, insomnia, nervousness, decreased bone density and . These factors may affect how you should use this medication. Common interactions include death among females and heart rate irregular among males. Meanwhile there are fruits that can aid in blood thinning. A pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot blocks the arteries carrying blood to your lungs. Product labeling for Eliquis doesn't list an interaction with alcohol. In Spices. "Gingko tea and green tea should be avoided if you have a health condition that requires the use of blood-thinning medications, including Coumadin (warfarin), Plavix (clopidogrel), aspirin and other anticoagulants," Samuels says. Does peppermint tea affect blood pressure? If you have an artificial heart valve, abnormal bleeding, or are allergic to the active ingredients in Eliquis, you should avoid using it. You . And drinking green tea is also associated with a lower risk of heart disease and death from heart attack or stroke, according to a study of more than 90,000 Japanese participants published in the March 2015 Annals of Epidemiology. Green tea is thought to reduce hypertension, lower heart disease death rates, and improve glucose metabolism in your body. A black box warning is the most serious type of warning issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Recommended Reading: Hot Green Tea Vs Cold. Also Check: Can I Take The Teas Test Anywhere. Ideally, you would want to drink lemon water about 20 to 30 minutes before breakfast to help with digestion and utilization of nutrients from your food. These conditions include uncontrolled very high blood pressure a problem with the blood vessels in the back of the eye called retinopathy current or past ulcer of the stomach or intestines recent stroke or recent surgery of the brain, spinal column, or eye. Your physician should know all of the medications youre taking, including any you were taking before your blood thinners. Blood Thinning Medications (Including Aspirin) People who take warfarin, a blood thinning medication, should not drink green tea. By clicking subscribe, I agree to Bensnaturalhealth Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis after Knee Replacement Surgery. It is critical to maintain a good working relationship with your doctor. It is also recommended that you avoid any products that may interact with the drug, as this may result in complications. A pill organizer can be helpful if you have difficulty remembering to take medications regularly. Blanc, P. D., Kuschner, W. G., Katz, P. P., Smith, S., and Yelin, E. H. Use of herbal products, coffee or black tea, and over-the-counter medications as self-treatments among adults with asthma. Powerful antioxidants in green tea especially one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG can help prevent atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries. It thins the blood by blocking platelet adhesion, and it may improve cholesterol profiles. I am taking Eliquis and need to know what are some safe herbs and herbal teas. The rest of the studies didnt find a correlation between ginger and blood clotting factors. Am.J.Clin Nutr. When taking Eliquis, it is safe to consume leafy green vegetables, grapefruit juice, cranberry juice, coffee, and peppermint tea because these are the most commonly linked food-drug interactions. However, apixaban (the active ingredient in Eliquis) does not rely on the Vitamin K-dependent clotting pathway, and instead acts on clotting factor Xa. Head office - Fyrtorr Ltd 2nd Floor, 5-6 Underhill Street London NW1 7HS, UK, *DISCLAIMER: All testimonials are genuine, unedited and unsolicited comments by A study published in 2012 suggests that taking a daily dose of turmeric spice may help people maintain the anticoagulant status of their blood. 11420039) is registered in UK, manufactures in the US and distributes globally. Avoid or drink only small amounts of these when taking warfarin: Cranberry juice; Grapefruit juice; Alcohol; Talk to your health care provider before making major changes in your diet and before starting medications, vitamins or herbal supplements. Learn how we can help. The usual culprits when it comes to food-drug interactions, such as leafy green vegetables, grapefruit juice, cranberry juice, coffee, and peppermint tea, are safe to enjoy while taking Eliquis. Excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of certain bleeding events, like gastrointestinal bleeds. Since green tea contains vitamin K, it can make warfarin ineffective. Soluble fiber has been shown to decrease blood cholesterol levels, which can decrease the risk of atherosclerosis (fatty deposits) in the blood vessels. Which is better green tea or peppermint tea? It also introduces BEST, an easy way to remember how to fit blood thinner medication into daily life. If you do drink alcohol, the. Side effects can be mild or severe, temporary or permanent. This collaboration was the first of its kind in the organization. Unlike warfarin, there are no "watch-outs" for certain foods like green leafy vegetables when taking ELIQUIS. It is possible that eating saturated fats in high amounts raises your risk of plaque buildup, which could lead to heart attacks and strokes later in life. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine emphasizes the importance of sharing any alternative products you plan to use, such as chamomile tea with your health care providers. Your blood can still clot while taking Eliquis, but it will happen more slowly, which means youre at a greater risk of excessive bleeding if you have an injury. Eliquis (apixaban) works by selectively inhibiting (blocking) the effects of factor Xa (FXa), an enzyme that plays a key role in the formation of substances that cause blood clotting.
Signs Your Cousin Is Attracted To You,
30 Rockefeller Plaza Tenants,
Rochelle Gores Fredston,
Articles C