festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

He did this for one-half hour. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. New York: Harper & Row. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. endobj The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. }. 112 When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. This is an example of_______ cause. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. 0000000015 00000 n (Goleman, 1991) What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. by meredith_davis9, If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). hbbd``b` H? How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. New York Times, p.C1. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? OP>$O '@n#}  C anything important? First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. %%EOF Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring 2. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. Let us review these briefly: 1. This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. 50 0 obj Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. Christopher D. Green A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Please select the correct language below. Therefore the person's attitude changes. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. (Boulding, 1969). 0000094931 00000 n Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. startxref He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) 2. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. 0000010660 00000 n _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? ] Don't have time for it all now? 60 0 obj The results were surprising to Festinger. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? A theory of cognitive dissonance. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . One other point before we proceed to examine the data. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Some have already been discussed. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? Which of the following statements is TRUE? There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. /O 49 Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. You have created 2 folders. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. 49 0 obj If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? 0 Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. /Root 48 0 R In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. & JANIS, I.L. 2. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. New York: Harper & Row. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] 0 All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. 0000013918 00000 n Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." endobj Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). (Goleman, 1991). They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. KING, B.T. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. This has many practical implications. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that Add to folder This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page This has many practical implications. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Social Researcher. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. This is most like which of the following techniques? These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. June 22, 2015 The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. %PDF-1.7 % In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. 3. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Yet no one calls the police. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? Eddie has made the _________. The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). enjoyable than the others would. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. I hope you did enjoy it. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Social Researcher. Nicole will probably experience. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." ", 3. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. Hum.