white lotus rebellion white lotus rebellion

What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Inventions Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Encyclopedia.com. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Szczepanski, Kallie. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. id Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The rebels are all our own subjects. Update now. ." This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. ." Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. [CDATA[ The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. . The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. "Tianlijiao ", in. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces It took nine years of warfare and great loss. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. //]]>. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. (February 22, 2023). The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Nothing is known of his end. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. ", Dai, Yingcong. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution