Ceremonies. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. London: Oxford University Press. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Social Control. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory southern parts of the country. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. million first language speakers at the time. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. element of the social and political environment of the region. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). The Industrial Arts. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, It is By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. [1994], p. 80). passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. (1988). The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. When conflict did Political Organization. and tributes paid to them. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. Under Ugandan Pres. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. ." Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Okeny, Kenneth (1982). 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. Linguistic Affiliation. Orientation Okot p'Bitek (1963). The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. Girling, F. K. (1960). Webster, J. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. 53- Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. Vincent (2012). that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. However, this number is most likely considerably sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. . Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. This cookie is set by Youtube. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both B. Webster, eds. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. Orientation The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 . Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. This made the chiefs more independent from Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 20- Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Religion of the Central Luo. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. 1544957. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. With colonial rule (1955). thesis, University of Nairobi. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Bor Lango Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). The Lwoo. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. population. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. The account of the Acholi reaching The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern "Acholi "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. 2008. (UNHCR, 2012). Trade. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Social Control. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Inheritance. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged 3 vols. Okot p'Bitek (1971). University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. (1976). Orientation Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Division of Labor. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s p. 41). Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. T(h)uri Kumam "Acholi into the independence era. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Uma, F. K. (1971). The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation.
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