Toxicol Sci. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Article This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). 2014;8:63. Int J Radiat Biol. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Terms and Conditions, Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. radiations. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Rev Environ Health. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Mol Brain Res. 1996;93:46938. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Brain Res. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Article The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Brain Res. Int J Radiat Biol. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Google Scholar. Am J Epidemiol. . Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. However,. Bioelectromagnetics. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. 2004;115:1490505. Article Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. 2005;25:10190201. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Wang et al. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. 2010;1347:17985. 2012;25:1828. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. 2009;64:2314. Google Scholar. 2015;91:42634. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. 2006;12:44651. Neurobiol Learn Mem. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. [42] found similar results. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Qutob et al. J Environ Health. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Cite this article. These conclusions are presented in Table2. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2014;12:75. Smythe JW, Costall B. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. 2006;165:63644. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. 2007;96:218196. 2014:125. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Wang et al. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Google Scholar. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Clinics. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2013;73:4737. Int J Radiat Biol. 2013;17:711. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Military Medical Research 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. 2013;34:58998. J Electromagnet Anal. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . 2014;53:22230. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Bioelectromagnetics. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2005;130:591600. J Clin Oncol. PLoS One. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Cell Biochem Biophys. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. 1992;6:379. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Gene. 2006;27:16471. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Iran J Public Health. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Google Scholar. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 2004;23:20114. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Bioelectromagnetics. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Google Scholar. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. 2 Researchers have been working. Electromagn Biol Med. Annu Rev Physiol. Radiat Res. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. CAS 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Gold PE. 2011;35:36978. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Neuroreport. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Finally, Hardell et al. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. 2016;53:210011. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. 2010;473:525. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Wang et al. Behav Brain Res. 2003;80:177. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. PubMed Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. 2000;6:18793. Trends Neurosci. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. CAS Google Scholar. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. J Pharm Sci. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. 1999;9:3438. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Article BMJ. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2015;56:2618. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Mil Med Sci. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. 2010;86:37683. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. 2008;22:9927. 2017;38:106976. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Correspondence to J Neurosci Methods. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Dasdag et al. Professor, Asst Director at VIT SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Neuroreport. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Interphone study group. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Biomed Environ Sci. Bioelectromagnetics. as it have a harmful side. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Bioelectromagnetics. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Cassel et al. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Joubert et al. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . 2009;4:e4389. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al.
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