navfac keflavik, iceland

The US forces replaced the British garrison stationed in . The first detection of a Soviet nuclear submarine had been by United States Naval Facility, Barbados on 6 July 1962 of a submarine off the coast of Norway as it entered the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap. The base played a key role in patrolling the GIUK gap, Greenland-Iceland-UK, through which all Soviet long range aircraft or submarines had to pass before entering the Atlantic. The cover explained that data gathered by oceanographic and acoustic surveys with ships could at times be collected "more expeditiously and more economically by means of shore stations. In military construction hearings during 1964 before the Senate Committee on Armed Services the request for funding of recreational and other support buildings for the Naval Facility Cape Hatteras the Navy noted it was part of a program supporting continental air and missile defense forces without mention of its role in tracking Soviet missile submarines. New systems were installed during 1968 at Midway Island and Guam. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, the airfield was available for maritime patrol activities, air defense and for transiting aircraft between North America and Europe, in addition to supporting Iceland's international civilian aviation. Further consolidation takes place such as in 2009 when Joint Maritime Facility, St. Mawgan in the U.K. has data remoted directly to NOPF Dam Neck and is decommissioned. The individual arrays were installed primarily on continental slopes and seamounts at the axis of the deep sound channel and normal to the direction in which they were to cover. The contractor had extended one runway, constructed a new passenger terminal and hotel building, one aircraft hangar, a hospital, housing units and other facilities for the staff. * United States Air Forces units changed from host to tenant status on 1 July 1961, when the U.S. A crash reconstruction program was initiated and temporary housing was erected during the construction of permanent housing. [1][21] By the 1980s improved communications technology allowed the array data once processed in individual Naval Facilities to be sent to central processing centers (Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF)) for centralized processing of multiple fixed and mobile array information. In addition, during this same time period, the former Soviet Union constructed one of their largest embassy facilities in the nearby capital, Reykjavik, which doubled as a diplomatic cover for intelligence collection activities against U.S. and NATO military forces. There the contacts of multiple arrays were correlated with other intelligence sources in order to cue and provide the search area for air and surface antisubmarine assets to localize and prosecute. The core fleet appears to be those listed below. Innovation in Aerospace, Defence & Security: Lidar/Radar Ele Boeing consolidates ties with Kuwait for F/A-18 $70m logistics contract. Realization SOSUS could detect U.S. nuclear submarines led to the Navy's quieting program for those submarines and the assumption returned. A Proposed Sonar Listening System for Long-Range Submarine Detection, "The Evolution Of The Sonobuoy From World War II To The Cold War", "Memoir of the Long Range Acoustic Propagation Program", "he American Sound Surveillance System: Using the Ocean to Hunt Soviet Submarines, 1950-1961", "The Ocean Environment and the Third Dimension of Naval Warfare", "Recollections On the Successful Implementation of the Portion of Brick Bat 03 - Titled Project Caesar II - Pacific (Part 2 of 2)", "Catalog of Audiovisual Productions Navy and Marine Corps", The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines, "Evolution of SOSUS/IUSS Signal Processing (Part 2 of 2)", "Evolution of SOSUS/IUSS Signal Processing (Part 1 of 2)", "The Navy, Science, and Professional History", "Naval Facility Lewes, August 1955 - September 1981", Bearing Stake Exercise: Sound Speed and Other Environmental Variability, "Naval Facility San Salvador, December 1954 - January 1970", "Naval Facility Brawdy April 1974 - October 1995", "Faulty Intelligence Nearly "Sank" SOSUS During the Cuban Missile Crisis", "The SOSUS System A Personal Perspective of the Early Years", "Spy Case is Called Threat to Finding Soviet Submarines", "SOund SUrveillance System (SOSUS): General Information", "A Lone Voice Crying in the Watery Wilderness", The Terminal Equipment Building of the Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), "SOSUS: The 'Secret Weapon' of Undersea Surveillance", A Letter from Joe Worzel to LamontDoherty Earth Observatory regarding the establishment of Palisades Geophysical Institute, its work, and support of the education and research community, 19471948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, United States involvement in regime change, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOSUS&oldid=1141062509, Military sonar equipment of the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 04:31. That secrecy led to misunderstandings and even potential breaches of security. Bragi's personal project became an exhibition, Iceland Defense Force, that's been widely displayed in Iceland and is now on show in Umbrella Gallery in New York City (317 E 9th St Ste 2, New York, 10003, umbrellaarts.com). [3], In 1965 Flyer was acquired as a bathymetric survey ship. It describes the operational arrays as being 1,800ft (548.6m) long. MATS (later Military Airlift Command and Air Mobility Command) units remained at the airport until the withdrawal of United States military units from Iceland in 2006. [1] The first detection of a Soviet nuclear submarine occurred on 6 July 1962 when NAVFAC Barbados recognized and reported contact #27103, a Soviet nuclear submarine west of Norway coming into the Atlantic through the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap.[1][3]. It involved everyone here and many higher headquarters elements to develop the plan and execute it.. In 1966 the project came under Naval Electronics Systems Command (NAVELEX PME-124) where it remained through the name change in 1986 to Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWARSYSCOM PMW 180)[note 12] and a move from Arlington to San Diego in 1997. NAVFAC Brawdy became the first "super NAVFAC" with some four hundred U.S. and United Kingdom military and civilian personnel assigned. NAS Keflavik employed approximately 900 Icelandic civilians who worked with military personnel, providing the services necessary to operate the base. The United States provided all the maintenance and operation of the airport through an American civilian contractor. [37][38], Both undersea surveillance and the operation of U.S. submarines were tightly held secrets within the communities. Im in total awe of the people aboard NASKEF, said Capt. US soldiers first came to Iceland in 1941, before the United States declared war on Germany and Japan, and later constructed the headquarters for their military activity at this barren location on Reykjanes peninsula, about a 40 minutes drive away from the capital. Mark S. Laughton, the air stations final commanding officer. Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC) recognized the contacts as US submarines engaged in highly classified operations, and immediate changes were ordered for the reporting procedures. homes for sale by owner in vinton county, ohio; matthew reed obituary; cjfl eligibility rules; alabama symphony orchestra appalachian spring; how to auto sync photos to sound on tiktok Click to enlarge. The Navy has been allotted nearly $36 million in the two . Naval Air Station Keflavik (NASKEF) disestablished September 8, 2006 during a ceremony officially ending its 45 years of operations in support of the defense of Iceland. navfac keflavik, iceland old restaurants in lawrence, ma Search Veterans & Personnel . Comments are closed. . In response, on 10 May 1940 the people of Reykjavk awoke to the sight of a British invasion force. [33] NAVFAC Barbers Point is commissioned. The leading site for news and procurement in the military aerospace industry, IDEX 2023: EDGE Group dominates as strategic partner, Environmental sustainability innovation: Leading companies in wing-lift enhancement mountings for the aerospace and defence industry, Leading innovators in vibration supression devices for the aerospace and defence industry, Nato allies improve skills during exercise Real Thaw in Portugal, Australia to deliver two PAC-750XL aircraft for PNGDF, Raytheon to build seven-vehicle missile tracking satellite for SDA, Raft receives $100m contract to support USAFs Kessel Run, Whos saying what? [1][8], The system was considered a strategic, not tactical, system at the time and part of continental defense. The combination of location within the ocean and the sensitivity of arrays allowed the system to detect acoustic power of less than a single watt at ranges of several hundred kilometres. AFCEC Facility Engineering Directorate director Col David Norton said: The airforce depends on the technical expertise of the professionals from AFCEC and Det. bm. New signal processing capabilities allowed for innovations such as the split array in which a single line array was divided into segments, each separately processed, then electronically recombined to form narrower beams for better bearing and cross fixes between arrays. navfac keflavik, icelandcapricorn and virgo flirting. One block from the Hotel Berg, 6 minutes from the Keflavik Airport. NATO BASE KEFLAVIK AIRPORT BASE HISTORY. For many, the hardest part is saying goodbye to host nation counterparts that have helped build the bases strong legacy. Ultimately that JMF itself was "remoted" across the Atlantic to Dam Neck. Some did so and remained in the system as civil service or contractor personnel. Please send me. This led to the ruling coalition collapsing and the 1974 Icelandic parliamentary election being held. [17], From 1958 to 1960 Project Caesar assets began work installing the Missile Impact Location System (MILS), based on technology and installation methods similar to those for SOSUS, in support of Air Force ICBM tests. Glenn H. Shira February 18, 2014 at 12:46pm. * Rotational TDY flights of aircraft from various squadrons of 52d Operations Group, Spangdahlem AB, Germany. Artemis, goddess of the hunt, stood for those cleared for Frederick V. Hunt and his idea of a passive system like SOSUS in his May 1950 report. That year the system got Chief of Naval Operations tasking to report whale detections. On 1 October 1994, the 35th Wing was inactivated at Keflavik and reactivated that same day at Misawa Air Base in Misawa, Japan. It aims to boost the US Air Forces, Nato member state forces and European allies responsiveness and readiness. By mid-July 2006, many of the military spouses and military active duty staff had transferred. Despite periods of realization both communities fell back into assumptions as a result of secrecy. navfac keflavik, iceland. Keflavik is also home to Keflavik International Airport, the airport where most fly into when they come to Iceland. Keflavk, a small beautiful town is located in southwest Iceland positioned along the Reykjanes Peninsula.Keflavk (meaning 'Driftwood Bay') is a home to Keflavk Airport that marks the footprints of travelers coming from around the world. Caesar Phase IV was associated with major upgrades in shore processing with Digital Spectrum Analysis (DSA) backfits at the stations replacing original equipment during the late 1960s. 3 0 obj Please send me notice of any profanity or misuse of this board. Though reluctant to sanction the stationing of foreign troops in significant numbers on their soil, Icelandic officials decided in light of the fact they had no standing army to speak of, that membership in NATO alone was not a sufficient defense; and at the request of NATO, Iceland entered into a defense agreement with the United States directly[citation needed]. In 1988, Stephen Joseph Ratkai, a Hungarian-Canadian recruited by Soviet Intelligence, was arrested, charged and convicted in St. John's, Newfoundland for attempting to obtain information on the SOSUS site at Naval Station Argentia. [citation needed]. The contract was managed by Bureau of Ships (BuShips) with then Ensign Joseph P. Kelly, later Captain and termed "Father of SOSUS," assigned. [22], Cable technology and signal processing improved and upgrades were made to the original installations. Icelandic nationals had unrestricted access to most of the base, especially since the civilian international airport terminal was also located on the base at the time. It has the typical cone shape of a volcano, thought I'm not sure if it is, and is a prominent sight as you travel along. To sustain this, the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps created small, specialized teams that move mountains to . [16] Naval Facility Keflavik was decommissioned on 13 December 1996.[17]. KEFLAVIK, ICELAND 09.23.2020 Courtesy Story Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center Public Affairs Reply to hi. Others of the first Atlantic phase followed, and in 1957 the original operational array at Eleuthera got an operational shore facility as the last of the first phase of Atlantic systems. During the height of the Cold War, this access situation created definitive operational security (OPSEC) concerns by U.S. and NATO officials due to potential espionage activities by Soviet operatives masquerading as Icelandic nationals. It served to ferry personnel, equipment, and supplies to Europe. Naval Forces Europe (NAVEUR) commander an additional Please send us a line at icelandmag@365.is. In 1962 and 1973, US submarines conducting covert operations off of the Soviet submarine base at Petropavlovsk were detected by NAVFAC Adak. (B. In 2017, the United States announced its intention to modify the largest hangar on the Icelandic base in order to house the new Boeing P-8 Poseidon ASW aircraft being introduced. The system, using equipment termed Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder and a process termed Low Frequency Analysis and Recording, both with the acronym LOFAR, was to be based on AT&T's sound spectrograph, developed for speech analysis and modified to analyze low-frequency underwater sounds. The Keflavk Naval Air Station was built by the US Military during WWII. Ive been here two years and Ive enjoyed being here where there is great camaraderie, beautiful landscapes to photograph, and where the people are really wonderful.. Colossus was intended to be installed in narrows and straits. 23. The Keflavk Naval Air Station played an important role during the Cold War, allowing the US to monitor Soviet activities in the North Atlantic. Further NAVFACs shut down in 1976 with NAVFACs Punta Borinquen and Nantucket decommissioned. Also Air Force component of NATO Iceland Defense Force. Sources and Resources. [3] Although officially declassified in 1991, by that time IUSS and SOSUS had long been an open secret. The NAVFAC watch floor had banks of displays using electrostatic paper, similar to that used for echograms in depth finders. The Detachment 4 of the US Air Force (USAF) Installation and Mission Support Center has awarded three contracts with a total value of $38m to upgrade the airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik in Iceland. ly. Mentions of governance decreased by 61% in the aerospace & defense industry in Q3 2022, Why government and industry must collaborate to accelerate multi-domain integration, How aerospace innovation is combatting satellite challenges, Trends in New Space and how to power your companys entry. If you worked at or supported the Naval Facility on NAS Keflavik, you are. [citation needed]. . The United States has had a military presence in Iceland since 1941, and a formal defense agreement with that nation since 1951.The Navy assumed the responsibility of running the air station from the U.S. Air Force in 1961.The base acted as a platform for several operational capabilities throughout World War II, the Cold War and in the modern arena. The Icelandic government turned them down. Donald, David, "Century Jets USAF Frontline Fighters of the Cold War". Search for your Apparel Store and shop . NAVFAC Bermuda data is routed to Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Dam Neck. NAVFAC Barbados was decommissioned in 1979. Special guests included U.S. United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) took over ACC responsibilities at Keflavik on 1 October 2002 as part of a larger restructuring of the unified commands. The 85th Group continued to support rotational deployments until it was inactivated during a ceremony on 28 June 2006, as a result of the USAF reduction in forces in Iceland. Mentions of environmental sustainability decreased by 51% in the aerospace, defence & security industry in Q3 2022, Whos saying what? Two P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft assigned to Patrol Squadron (VP) 4 sit on the apron of Keflavik . [10], The first women were assigned to NAVFAC Eleuthera when an officer and ten enlisted women were assigned in 1972. 4 0 obj [3], For much of the system's operation, direct action based on SOSUS contacts was avoided. In 1939, with war imminent in Europe, the German Reich pressed for landing rights for Deutsche Luft Hansa's aircraft for alleged trans-Atlantic flights. [19][20] In 1954 ten additional arrays were ordered with three more in the Atlantic, six on the Pacific coast and one in Hawaii. During a six-month transition to reduce the military presence in Iceland, most facilities closed and most of the service members departed, leaving behind a core team of active duty and Reserve personnel to finish the job. Rather than prosecute the contacts and reveal how closely the system could track the submarines, the SAC bases put more bombers on ready alert assuming the Soviets would notice. About this group. 1 0 obj [3][34][note 10] The facility (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}515215.3N 0050813.8W / 51.870917N 5.137167W / 51.870917; -5.137167) was adjacent to the Royal Air Force Station Brawdy which had returned to RAF control during February 1974 after closure in 1971. That opened a new field for women outside the usual medical, education, or administrative specialties. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography were also tasked to develop an understanding of long-range sound transmission under Project Michael. [3], Artemis was an experiment with a large active source. This museum is known as the Duus Museum. Air Forces Iceland continued the air defense mission of Iceland as a tenant organization at Keflavik. The first US troops after WWII were stationed at the base in 1951, and the US maintained a large presence there until its closing on 8 September 2006. [22][23], The first systems were limited by the commercial telephone cable technology for the application requiring a shore facility within about 150nmi (170mi; 280km) from the array and thus within that distance from the continental shelf locations suitable for the array. Iceland Prime Contractors will execute the work, which includes three major initiatives, parking aprons expansion, preparation of the bed-down site to aid personnel in an expeditionary environment and to upgrade the hazardous cargo pad of the airfield for the loading and unloading of explosives. The new Advanced Deployable System enters as a part of IUSS and NAVFAC Brawdy, Wales closes with equipment and operation transferred to Joint Maritime Facility St Mawgan during 1995. [3], In 1974 Naval Facility Brawdy, Wales was established as the terminus of new arrays covering the eastern Atlantic. [3][26], In 1954 three full systems to include a NAVFAC terminus were installed with arrays terminating at NAVFACs at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico in September, Grand Turk in October, and San Salvador in December. [3], Project Caesar, from initial bathymetric and acoustical surveys through cable installation and turnover to operations, was managed by Bureau of Ships (BuShips) from 1951 until 1964. 11 years ago kn. Header Menu Menu navfac keflavik, iceland. NAVFAC Ramey becomes NAVFAC Punta Borinquen in 1974. This research and development effort was given the name Project Jezebel. $45.99 + $6.89 shipping. At that time the order for stations was increased from six to nine. Join Navy Veterans. NAVAL AIR STATION KEFLAVIK, Iceland (AFNS) -- The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center's Detachment 4 successfully led the award of three contracts recently, totaling $38 million to improve airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik. Over the next four decades, the Defense Force was "at the front" of the Cold War and was credited[by whom?] For those of us that braved the Icelandic Domain in the land of fire and ice. The linear arrays with hydrophones placed on slopes within the sound channel enabled beamforming processing at the shore facilities to form azimuthal beams. [10][14] Despite being qualified for a warfare specialty and its symbols, the Navy personnel in the small SOSUS community could not do so for the sake of secrecy until the mission became public in 1991. [35], In 1975 Mizar left Naval Research Laboratory service and joined Project Caesar. yb. Volume 1. The upgrade would allow the hangar to house patrol planes hunting for Russian submarines in the North Atlantic. The operators had no information on which to identify a hostile submerged submarine's unique signature while snorkeling on the LOFARgram. The US pulled out of Iceland about 2 years ago and Iceland is in the process of City-Data Forum > General Forums . Post Unit Messages. Relive & share the memories of your service time with your brothers & sisters in arms today. [10][11], In January 2010, Verne Holdings announced that it had received equity funding from the Wellcome Trust to build a data center at Keflavik. [1][3][6] The origin of the project name was explained by Dr. Robert Frosch to Senator Stennis during a 1968 hearing. [citation needed]. Moreover, SOSUS data from March 1968 facilitated the discovery, and clandestine retrieval six years later, of parts of the Soviet Golf II-class ballistic missile submarine K-129, that foundered that month north of Hawaii. [citation needed]. In 1962, the detections were published at the secret level by Commander, Alaskan Sea Frontier, and these reports were pushed up the chain of command. [3][10], SOSUS was closely held on a strict need-to-know basis that was close to Sensitive Compartmented Information even though it was classified at the Secret level. Less than a year later, the 57 FIS was redesignated as the 57 Fighter Squadron (57 FS) and reassigned to the 35th Fighter Wing that was transferred from the closing George AFB, California. Naval Station Keflavik; Keflavik Airport became one of its tenants. Other ships are mentioned as having "cameo" appearances and the project apparently made use of other Navy survey and civilian cable ships on occasion. Naval Security Group Activity Keflavik was decommissioned and shut down in 1994. On 1 June 1992, Air Combat Command (ACC) assumed command and control of AFI and the 57 FIS. The understanding of the ocean acoustic environment made the system possible rather than development of new technology. Air Force awards multiple contracts for airfield construction at NAS Keflavik. The Fixed Distributed System (FDS) test array, a new type of fixed bottom system, terminus was made at NAVFAC Brawdy, Wales. Search hotels. On 26 October the government of Iceland established the Keflavik Airport Development Corporation or Kadeco which was given the task of converting those portions of the base no longer needed into civilian use. . [3], In 1962 a new system was installed terminating at Naval Facility Adak in the Aleutians. The same year, the Pacific systems began to be installed and activated. That sonobuoy gave the aircraft cued by SOSUS access to the same low frequency and LOFAR capability as SOSUS. It was even found that color blindness could be an advantage. The two new ships were to be designed as modern cable ships, fully capable of cable and survey work. The system used very large towers and unwieldy components while SOSUS provided more than adequate warning and coverage and thus the system did not come into operation. With American air activities greatly reduced in Europe in the immediate postwar months, U.S. flying operations were similarly reduced in preparation for transfer of the base to the Icelandic government at the end of 1946. Texas Applied Research Laboratories,[45] and several other organizations have used the system for research. Patterson Field was closed after the war, but Meeks Field and the adjoining structures were returned to Iceland's control and renamed Naval Air Station Keflavik after the nearby town of Keflavk. [1][3], The cable ships Neptune and Albert J. Myer were acquired to support Project Caesar with later addition of the cable ships Aeolus and Thor. Soon after the return of U.S. forces to Keflavik. As the new mobile systems came on line, SOSUS arrays themselves were deactivated and some turned over for scientific research. The signatures available were of surfaced submarines from other sources. Hartwell who was the Deputy Chairman of the Committee for Undersea Warfare,[note 2] under Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) leadership. The lack of strong fleet support was a factor when budget cuts after the Cold War fell heavily on the surveillance program. NAVFAC Lewes, Delaware closed that year. Atlantic NAVFAC Antigua and Pacific NAVFACs at San Nicolas Island and Point Sur in California closed. The plane crews are only a small fraction of the thousands of US servicemen that used to by stationed at Keflavk. x][s8~OU1MH)W9$9m}Pl"{l9? R@h4*jv~\d>^?Msvv9_V=:4"/J$n>5[>~I>=~DQ2E&h8>C_Nf_u_?uvz&)\6Mxm\0RP-&Q:JEHJviE-zOY@`NYUyUkseRd_Q{8|~zPMNOAgk8QZT0f&_'b{e8&_ 9!c(TE4WyjOO_&crJm F$a"mlYy,%~XXE.H"T,RbZ.u"Z.25r!u>y1< NAVAL AIR STATION KEFLAVIK, Iceland - The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center's Detachment 4 successfully led the award of three contracts recently, totaling $38 million to improve airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik,, Join VetFriends To: Reunite with Unit Buddies. Augmenting these local improvements was the increased central processing in centers that eventually became the Naval Oceanographic Processing Facilities. Yes, I was a plank owner. This article incorporates public domain material from the .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Air Force Historical Research Agency.