Steiner H, Petersen M, Saxena K, et al. Four discussion questions at the end of the chapter focus attention on the classical and positivist schools of thought, biosocial explanations of deviance, methods for explaining "criminal personalities," and the impact of psychological theories of deviance on juvenile justice. The Assessment of the Mental Health System of the California Youth Authority. Also, The children participating in the study may not have been able to give valid consent. Current biological studies of juvenile delinquency and criminal behavior are focusing on research efforts in multiple fields, including heredity, biochemistry, immunology, neuroscience, and endocrinology. 2003;8:298-308.30. Violence exposure, posttraumatic stress, and personality in juvenile delinquents. - Tristan, AccessibilityPrivacy PolicyViewers and Players. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Psychological explanations include psychoanalytic theories in the tradition of Freud and developmental theories, such as Kohlberg's model of moral development. Neuroscience of aggression points to new directions. Nearly 30,000 youth aged out of foster care in Fiscal Year 2009, which represents nine percent of the young people involved in the foster care system that year. Figure 2: Bowlby concluded that the quality and presence of maternal bonds influence whether a child commits later crimes. Charney DS. A lock ( 2004; 161:195-216.25. There was an association found between affectionless character and stealing. The emergence of the neoclassical tradition is briefly discussed before the authors turn to a survey of the major biological and psychological theories of crime and deviance. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. We will also delve into the procedure and Bowlby 44 thieves' findings and conclusions. Bandura A. Child psychiatry and juvenile justice. Because delinquent youths require such sophisticated integrated treatments, the optimal time to set up these complicated programs is when these youths are in secure settings that provide maximum control over problematic behavior while fostering compliance with protocols. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am. Also, not all juvenile delinquents have emotional issues, so the research may reinforce stigmas that aren't necessarily valid. In a recent study of PTSD among incarcerated juveniles, rates of 62% for females and 22% for males were reported.5 These studies suggest a noteworthy connection between psychiatric trauma and a child's propensity to become maladaptively aggressive, as originally suggested by Aichhorn, who was influenced by Freud's development- al approaches to psychopathology. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The sociological study of crime and delinquency has focused either on the social structural factors (e.g., poverty and social disorganization) believed to generate such behavior or on the arenas (e.g., family, school, and peer groups) in which socialization to conventional or criminal values and behavior are affected. Charney DS. The aim was to investigate whether prolonged maternal separation led to juvenile delinquency in children. Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. The most common events included domestic violence (72%), witnessing a violent crime (51%), physical abuse (48%), and being a victim of violent crime (32%). Submitted 2006. These theories place a great emphasis on early childhood development, such as moral development, cognitive development, and the development of interpersonal relations. Neuroanatomical circuits modulating fear and anxiety behaviors. For example, a 2001 Washington State Institute for Public Policy (WSIPP) study found that the total benefits of effective prevention programs were greater than their costs. An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. Bowlby (1944) distinguished the affectionless type by their lack of warm feelings toward others. Early intervention prevents the onset of delinquent behavior and supports the development of a youths assets and resilience.4 It also decreases rates of recidivism by a significant 16 percent when youth do go on to engage with the justice system.5 While many past approaches focus on remediating visible and/or longstanding disruptive behavior, research has shown that prevention and early intervention are more effective.6. Regrettably, there are only a few studies in existence that apply modern manualized psychotherapies in these populations and even fewer that examine the role of medication.13 Still, separate clinical trials in these specially protected populations cannot be bypassed, and extrapolation from findings in regular clinical trials must be done with caution. John Bowlby was a prominent psychologist whose theories on child development, such as maternal deprivation theory, greatly influenced views and practice on the care of children. Viewing delinquency through the lens of psychopathology leads to a very different view of the justice system and its relationship to pediatric mental health (Figure 2). A social worker took a preliminary psychiatric examination of the child. In the study, Bowlby assessed whether there was a link between the participant's character types determined by the quality of early attachments and later criminal problems (stealing) and emotional disturbances. Morbidity and comorbidity patterns in these usually carefully culled and controlled samples probably will not readily translate into similar efficacy rates and effect sizes of interventions. This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system. A lot of detailed qualitative information was gained. Rather than simply "doing time," incarceration is a window of opportunity for optimized treatment that, for a variety of reasons, was not previously possible. Typically, juvenile delinquency follows a trajectory similar to that of normal adolescent development. Delinquency can be seen as one maladaptive pathway in development that may result in antisocial and criminal behavior. Upon arrival at the clinic, a child was given mental tests to assess their intelligence and how they emotionally approached the tests. Have all your study materials in one place. Criminals were identified by Lombroso as having physical traits similar to primitive humans. When you do something you shouldn't, you normally think of yourself as responsible. Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). Cognitive behavioral therapy can help restructure distorted thinking and perception, which in turn changes a person's behavior for the better. Third, the availability of novel interventions redefines the time of incarceration into a window of op- portunity during which complicated treatment packages can be fine-tuned and maximized in terms of synergistic efficacy. On the Psychoanalysis of Crime and Punish-ment (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1945, 1957, 1959). Finally, the intersection of personality, mental deficiency, and delinquency is explored. Transition services should stem from the individual youths needs and strengths, ensuring that planning takes into account his or her interests, preferences, and desires for the future. Divalproex sodium for the treatment of conduct disorder: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. Will you pass the quiz? The team then looked at all the information gathered, plus any school or other relevant reports. Dr Karnik is a fellow in child psychiatry in the division of child and adolescent psychiatry at the Stanford University School of Medicine and an adjunct instructor in the department of anthropology, history, and social medicine at the University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco. Am J Psychiatry. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Each parent is allowed to take up to 240 days off as they see fit. A cause-and-effect relationship cannot be established as this was not an experimental study. Federal Understanding of the Evidence Base, Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP) Program (Funding Opportunities), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Preventing Youth Hate Crimes & Identity-Based Bullying Initiative, 2022 National Crime Victims Service Awards Recipients Announced, 2023 Advancing Racial Justice and Equity in Youth Legal Systems Certificate Program, Brightly-Colored Fentanyl Used to Target Young Americans, Department of Justice Awards More Than $136 Million to Support Youth and Reform the Juvenile Justice System, Department of Justice Awards Nearly $105 Million to Protect Children from Exploitation, Trauma, and Abuse, Fact Sheet: System Involvement Among LBQ Girls and Women, Funding Opportunity: Bridging Research and Practice Project to Advance Juvenile Justice and Safety, Interrupting the Cycle of Youth ViolenceMoving Toward an Equitable and Accountable Justice System for Gang-Involved Youth, National Youth Justice Awareness Month, 2015, OJJDPs Fiscal Year 2021 Discretionary Awards Total Nearly $344 Million, Opportunity for Involvement: OJJDP Accepting Applications for Membership on the Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice, Report: Coordination to Reduce Barriers to Reentry: Lessons Learned from COVID-19 and Beyond, Report: Data Snapshot on Hispanic Youth Delinquency Cases, Report: Healing Indigenous Lives: Native Youth Town Halls, Report: Mentoring in Juvenile Treatment Drug Courts, Report: Patterns of Juvenile Court Referrals of Youth Born in 2000, Report: Spotlight on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System, Report: Spotlight on Juvenile Justice Initiatives: A State by State Survey, Report: The Impact of COVID-19 on Juvenile Justice Systems: Practice Changes, Lessons Learned, and Future Considerations, Report: The Prevalence of Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships Among Children and Adolescents, Request for Information: Programs and Strategies for JusticeInvolved Young Adults, Resource: 5 Ways Juvenile Court Judges Can Use Data, Resource: A Law Enforcement Officials Guide to the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model, Resource: Archived Webinar Multi-Tiered Systems of Support in Residential Juvenile Facilities, Resource: Arrests of Youth Declined Through 2020, Resource: Child Victims and Witnesses Support Materials, Resource: Data Snapshot: Youth Victims of Suicide and Homicide, Resource: Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2019, Resource: Department of Justice Awards Nearly $105 Million To Protect Children From Exploitation, Trauma and Abuse, Resource: Facility Characteristics of Sexual Victimization of Youth in Juvenile Facilities, 2018, Resource: Five Things About Juvenile Delinquency Intervention and Treatment, Resource: Focused Deterrence of High-Risk Individuals: Response Guide No. However, current U.S. approaches to juvenile justice are misaligned with youth's developmental needs and may undermine the very psychosocial development necessary for youth to transition out of crime and lead healthy adult lives. The Bowlby 44 thieves study compared and investigated 44 thieves and 44 non-thieves using interviews and questionnaires. Bowlby provided evidence of his theory in his 44 juvenile thieves study. How does the study demonstrate the importance of maternal bonds? What are the ethical considerations in Bowlby's (1944) study? Biol Psychiatry. Stringer, H. (2017, October 1). Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth. Official websites use .gov youth.gov is the U.S. government website that helps you create, maintain, and strengthen effective youth programs. This in turn reduces the burden of crime on society and saves taxpayers billions of dollars.7, The Interagency Working Group for Youth Programs defines positive youth development as an intentional, pro-social approach that engages youth within their communities, schools, organizations, peer groups, and families in a manner that is productive and constructive; recognizes, utilizes, and enhances youths' strengths; and promotes positive outcomes for young people by providing opportunities, fostering positive relationships, and furnishing the support needed to build on their leadership strengths.. Intervening early not only saves young lives from being wasted, but also prevents the onset of adult criminal careers and reduces the likelihood of youth perpetrating serious and violent offenses. Steiner H, Cauffman E. Juvenile justice, delinquency, and psychiatry. Emergence of Psychology as a Science Forty Four Juvenile Thieves Free Will and Self-Actualisation Genetic Basis of Behaviour Genotype and Phenotype Humanistic Psychology Id Ego Superego Learning Approaches Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Operant Conditioning Origin of Psychology Psychodynamic Approach Psychosexual Stages Of Development Raine et al 1997 field--police and public safety psychology, legal psychology, the psychology of crime and delinquency, victimology and victim services, and correctional psychology. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. It has many of the characteristics of classic psychiatric symptoms (eg, beyond voluntary control, exhibiting with considerable force, kindling, need for medication to ameliorate response). Charney DS. The ethics of the study can be questioned for several reasons. This allows us to gain a deep understanding of what led to the findings of affectionless character types leading to juvenile delinquency, as well as the findings regarding prolonged separation. Research has demonstrated that as many as one in five children/youth have a diagnosable mental health disorder. Poor problem solving and decision making. 9. These children changed acquaintances often. Many forms of psychopathology (eg, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], bipolar disorder, and PTSD) interfere with and prevent the juvenile's participation in rehabilitative programs and thus contribute to adverse criminologic outcomes. According to Bowlby, what is an affectionless character type? This theory easily explains juvenile delinquency when looking at the three interrelated parts of the personality- id, ego, and superego. He believed that delinquent behaviour could be attributed to separation or lack of emotional connection to the mother during critical childhood development stages. APA Dictionary of Psychology juvenile delinquency illegal behavior by a minor (usually identified as a person younger than 18 years) that would be considered criminal in an adult. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. What did Bowlby find about affectionless character and stealing? Most likely, effective interventions will be based on the integration of behavioral treatment, psychotherapy, sociotherapeutic structures, and psychoeducation, which together with differentiated and sophisticated psychopharmacology can successfully target all manifestations of maladaptive aggression. What are the aims of the forty-four juvenile thieves? In the juvenile thieves group, there were 31 boys and 13 girls. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. A delinquent is an individual who fails to obey the laws. J Adolesc. Social Learning Theory. 2006;17:97-114.12. The first names and first letters of the surname of the children in the juvenile thieves group were all given, making it easy to identify them. Answer: False. Who are the characters in the forty-four juvenile thieves study? There were two groups; one group had been brought to the clinic for stealing (juvenile thieves group), and children in the control group had emotional disturbances but did not steal. In many cases, researchers conducted further interviews in which the child received psychotherapy, and the mother talked about her problems with a social worker. The participants were children who had been referred to the London Child Guidance Clinic. Diagnosis and treatment are relevant, but prevention is of the utmost importance. The two key assets needed by all youth are (1) learning/doing and (2) attaching/belonging. Violence and Crime in the Family - 2015-09-07 Societies often struggle to address crime and violence within families; as such behaviors are often unreported and even concealed. The shift in thinking means that treatment of psychiatric disorders becomes the treatment of maladaptive aggression. 1997;36:357-365.11. Little Rock Police Dept. Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment. Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. In fact, almost 70% of juveniles that commit criminal behavior have at least one diagnosable mental illness (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2017). 40 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. The study revealed the children's surnames' first names and first letters, making it easy for others to identify them. 2. noun. Answer: a. The implications of biological explanations of deviance for juvenile justice are briefly considered before the authors move on to an examination of the major psychological theories of deviance which tend to focus on treating individuals who have already become deviant rather than on preventing deviance. 2003;64: 1183-1191.14. Early theories such as Dugdale (1877) and Goddard (1914) documented the long histories of deviance in some families, including delinquency, prostitution, idiocy, feeblemindedness, and fornication; however, most modern researchers tend to relate biological factors in criminality and delinquency to multiple causes that include sociologically based factors. Youth leaders also show considerable benefits for their communities, providing valuable insight into the needs and interests of young people. Answer: True. An inability to consider the effects of one's behavior. Its 100% free. J Clin Psychol. What was the aim of Bowlby's (1944) study? Sociological theories, such as social control, containment, differential association, anomie, and labeling each reflect different levels of predictive utility relative to delinquent conduct. This chapter discusses early biological theories of delinquency and contemporary biological research on delinquency. One study is the forty-four juvenile thieves investigated by Bowlby. As we add psychopathology, especially psychopathy, prevalence decreases but chances of persistence increase greatly. In addition to these findings, comorbidity was the norm, with more than 80% of both boys and girls having 3 or more mental health diagnoses. He reports that he has received research/educational grants from Abbott, Eli Lilly, Ortho-McNeil, and McNeil; in addition, he is a consultant for Abbott and a speaker for Eli Lilly. Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons, Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression, Social Psychological Explanation of Aggression, The Hydraulic Model of Instinctive Behaviour, The Self Congruence and Conditions of Worth, Classic and Contemporary Research into Memory, Classic and Contemporary Research into Obedience, Contemporary Research - Language of Psychopaths, Developmental Psychology in Obedience/Prejudice, Individual Differences in Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice, Issues and Debates in the Context of Obedience/Prejudice, Reconstruction From Memory in Naturalistic Environments, Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian Rhythms, Electroencephalogram (EEGs) and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), Fight-or-Flight Response and The Role of Adrenaline, Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma, The Function of the Endocrine System - Glands and hormones, Psychological Perspectives and Etiology of Disorders, Psychological Perspectives in the Treatment of Disorders, The Rosenhan Study - The Influence of Labels, Bruner and Minturn Study of Perceptual Set, Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception, Issues and Debates in Developmental Psychology, The Gilchrist and Nesberg study of motivation, Baillargeon Explanation of Early Infant Abilities, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development, Analysis and Interpretation of Correlation, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, Anger Management and Restorative Justice Programmes, Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Level of Moral Reasoning and Cognitive Distortions, Psychodynamic Theories and The Moral Component, Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development, The Role of Chromosomes And Hormones In Gender, Duck's Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown, Ethical Issues and Ways of Dealing with Them, Peer Review and Economic Applications of Research, Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Treatment and Therapies for Schizophrenia, Structuralism and Functionalism in Psychology, Ethical Issues in Social Influence Research, Penfield's Study of The Interpretive Cortex, Children who were inclined to over-activity, Pronounced schizoid or schizophrenic symptoms. 1. Researchers have promoted a positive youth development model to address the needs of youth who might be at risk of entering the juvenile justice system. Theories of Crime A Psychological Perspective A Psychosocial Approach Research and Practice Evidence-Based Offender Profiling This multidisciplinary volume assembles current . Memories, i.e. In the following article, the author makes a psychological analysis of the problem and suggests suitable measures for tackling it. The book is supported by a range of compelling pedagogical features. For example, Ruchkin and colleagues26 studied 370 white male delinquents with a mean age of 16.4 years (SD, 0.9). This provided more information, indicating the mother's emotional state. d) status offenses. J Clin Psychiatry. Betty lived in a series of foster homes from seven months old until she was five years old. However, an evidence-based clinical approach to treatment of delinquent populations would decrease unrealistic demands on the juvenile justice system while simultaneously maximizing present resources and enabling the use of new resources. Biological explanations of deviance have focused on physical appearance, genetics and inheritance, and biosocial factors related to how individuals respond to, and in turn shape, their surrounding environment. Classroom and behavior management programs, Conflict resolution and violence prevention curriculums. Using a psychopathologic perspective to address the rehabilitation and treatment of delinquents suggests the use of effective interventions including psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, and sociotherapy to address specific processes and symptoms. Bowlby's 44 thieves study was non-experimental research conducted in a controlled setting (London Child Guidance Clinic), where they collected interview and observation data. CNS Spectr. Presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; October 14-19, 2003; Miami.6. Blair and colleagues30 have shown that these 2 types of aggression run on different neuroachitectures, both serve an evolutionary purpose (defense and acquisition), and both can be derailed during normal development. They found that 42% of the group met full criteria and 25% met partial criteria for PTSD using the Schedulefor Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Versions. In recent years, findings that aggression can be divided effectively into "hot" and "cold" show that "cold" instrumental aggression can be expected to be under some rational control.29 However, its counterpart, "hot" aggression, which is most commonly activated by emotional disorders as divergent as PTSD, bipolar disorder, and severe impairment of executive cognitive functioning, is much less so and very often has a kindled quality to it. Diversion from the juvenile justice system: the Miami-Dade Juvenile Assessment Center Post-Arrest Diversion Program. Suffering from psychiatric disorders in certain psychosocial contexts (eg, impoverished, unstructured, or outright injurious environments) seems to facilitate the expression of maladaptive aggression, as evidenced by the exceedingly high levels of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder in delinquent populations.9 Results from the California Youth Authority survey of 850 incarcerated delinquents who were examined by structured interviews showed prevalence rates in excess of 90% for externalizing disorders (such as disruptive behavior disorders and substance use disorders) in boys and girls.9 In the same study, girls (64%) were found to be twice as likely to have internalizing disorders as boys (29%), with depression and anxiety as leading diagnoses. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Such an updated system would produce more integrated juvenile justice and mental health systems that in all likelihood would surpass the current criminologic models in terms of producing improved outcomes. Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. Examples are vandalism, theft, rape, arson, and aggravated assault. Connor DF. 13, Resource: Guide for Drafting or Revising Tribal Juvenile Delinquency and Status Offense Laws, Resource: Highlights From the 2020 Juvenile Residential Facility Census, Resource: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement, Resource: Judicial Leadership for Community-Based Alternatives to Juvenile Secure Confinement, Resource: Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2019, Resource: Let's Talk Podcast - The Offical National Runaway Safeline Podcast, Resource: Leveraging the Every Student Succeeds Act to Improve Educational Services in Juvenile Justice Facilities, Resource: Literature Review on Teen Dating Violence, Resource: Literature Review: Children Exposed to Violence, Resource: Mentoring as a Component of Reentry, Resource: Mentoring for Enhancing Career Interests and Exploration, Resource: Mentoring for Enhancing School Attendance, Academic Performance, and Educational Attainment, Resource: National Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Dashboard, Resource: OJJDP Urges System Reform During Youth Justice Action Month (YJAM), Resource: Preventing Youth Hate Crimes & Identity-Based Bullying Fact Sheet, Resource: Prevention and Early Intervention Efforts Seek to Reduce Violence by Youth and Youth Recruitment by Gangs, Resource: Probation Reform: A Toolkit for State Advisory Groups (SAGs), Resource: Raising the Bar: Creating and Sustaining Quality Education Services in Juvenile Detention, Resource: Resilience, Opportunity, Safety, Education, Strength (ROSES) Program, Resource: Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking, Resource: Support for Prosecutors Who Work with Youth, Resource: The Fight Against Rampant Gun Violence: Data-Driven Scientific Research Will Light the Way, Resource: The Mentoring Toolkit 2.0: Resources for Developing Programs for Incarcerated Youth, Resource: Trends in Youth Arrests for Violent Crimes, Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book, Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Homicide Data, Resource: What Youth Say About Their Reentry Needs, Resource: Youth and the Juvenile Justice System: 2022 National Report, Resource: Youth Justice Action Month (YJAM) Toolkit, Resource: Youth Justice Action Month: A Message from John Legend, Resource: Youth Voice in Juvenile Justice Research, Resource: Youths with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the Juvenile Justice System, Respect Youth Stories: A Toolkit for Advocates to Ethically Engage in Youth Justice Storytelling, Virtual Training: Response to At-Risk Missing and High-Risk Endangered Missing Children, Webinar Recording: Building Parent Leadership and Power to Support Faster, Lasting Reunification and Prevent System Involvement, Webinar Recording: Dont Leave Us Out: Tapping ARPA for Older Youth, Webinar: Addressing Housing Needs for Youth Returning from Juvenile Justice Placement, Webinar: Beyond a Program: Family Treatment Courts Collaborative Partnerships for Improved Family Outcomes, Webinar: Building Student Leadership Opportunities during and after Incarceration, Webinar: Countdown to Pell Reinstatement: Getting Ready for Pell Reinstatement in 2023, Webinar: Culturally Responsive Behavioral Health Reentry Programming, Webinar: Drilling Down: An Analytical Look at EBP Resources, Webinar: Effective Youth Diversion Strategies for Law Enforcement, Webinar: Equity in the Workplace the Power of Trans Inclusion in the Workforce, Webinar: Examining Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) for Asian/Pacific Islander Youth: Strategies to Effectively Address DMC, Webinar: Family Engagement in Juvenile Justice Systems: Building a Strategy and Shifting the Culture, Webinar: Helping States Implement Hate Crime Prevention Strategies in Their 3-Year Plan, Webinar: Honoring Trauma: Serving Returning Youth with Traumatic Brain Injuries, Webinar: How to Use Participatory Research in Your Reentry Program Evaluation (and Why You Might Want To, Webinar: How to use the Reentry Program Sustainability Toolkit to plan for your program's sustainability, Webinar: Investigative Strategies for Child Abduction Cases, Webinar: Learning from Doing: Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Second Chance Act Grant Program, Webinar: Making Reentry Work in Tribal Communities, Webinar: Recognizing and Combating Implicit Bias in the Juvenile Justice System: Educating Professionals Working with Youth, Webinar: Step by Step Decision-Making for Youth Justice System Transformation, Webinar: Strengthening Supports for Families of People Who Are Incarcerated, Webinar: Trauma and its Relationship to Successful Reentry, Webpage: Youth Violence Intervention Initiative, Providing Unbiased Services for LGBTQ Youth Project, Youth M.O.V.E.