which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. Infants tend to do things that feel good. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. a. 112. Dont worry. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards - Easy Notecards Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Why is this? Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Biological Treatments for Psychological Abnormalities The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. 70. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? Hmm. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. 78. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. 143. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 31. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. This thought is an example of: a. depression. c. intellectualization. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. c. gestalt. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. c. repression. 2.2.1.3. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. 86. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? a. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. c. psychodynamic. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. d. cognitive. d. projection. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. d. sociocultural. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. 17. 13. Track the accuracy of the thought. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. None of the models are complete within themselves. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. 164. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. c. They explain outside influences and past events. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). A) illogical thinking patterns. 144. 102. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. d. disengaged. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. 71. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template b. 30. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. d. psychotropic treatment. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. 111. a. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. c. unconditional positive regard. 149. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. 2.3.1.5. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. d. flight of ideas. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. 2.3.3.6. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. d. bipolar disorder. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. 35. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). 103. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). What is it? Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. b. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. 2.2.1.6. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. The answer is continuous. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. d. Freud. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. Psychosurgery. b. anxiety disorders. 2.2.2.2. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. How so? Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. c. maintenance. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. b. insight. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? The strategies arise from all three learning models. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. c. psychoanalysts. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. c. irrational patterns of thinking. a. psychodynamic Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. 99. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. 104. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. They are tied to experiences early in life. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. In Panel A, food makes a dog salivate. b. neurosis. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? b. superego. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? d. lend itself easily to research. 32. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. b. 36. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. b. self-actualization. 141. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. 2.2.3.1. How so? Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. b. early childhood trauma. c. the id, ego, and superego. 54. c. operant conditioning. 153. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way.