National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP). Americas Teacher Evaluation System Revolution, Harvard Political Review, | May 14, 2014. Education Week, October 11, 2018. How did it go? the mentor inquired. Marzano provides research-based strategies to use as a next step. Unfortunately,the reliability of an observation can only be as reliable as the observer. NCTQ says the key components of an effective evaluation system are: multiple measures for rating a teacher, including classroom observations, student surveys, and measures of student achievement; at least three rating categories; annual observations and evaluations for all teachers; written feedback after each observation; and professional development and compensation tied to evaluations. Make informed decisions about the teachers in your school, Give constructive feedback to teachers, helping them to develop their professional skills. Domain or Dimension. Her book, Designing Quality Survey Questions was published by Sage Publications in 2018. The DfE model policy mentions 'regular' and 'drop-in' observations . endobj Its clear from real-life examples that the value-added model, while effective to a certain degree, can have a nasty turn for the worst when left unchecked. The long-term impacts of teachers: Teacher value-added and student outcomes in adulthood. teacher engagement throughout the design and development process is not merely beneficial but critical to success. Even when administrators are well-trained in the tools and frameworks of evaluation system, have expertise in the content areas, and have years of experience or other qualifications that in theory should make them good evaluators, they are often held back by the limits of the evaluation systems themselves, as well as the perennial challenges of time and competing priorities and responsibilities in education. These systems are more likely to produce the results we desireimproved teaching quality and increased student learningwhen teachers believe the systems and approaches will help them be more effective with their students. For example, do you think youd notice if a student was throwing a ball against the wall for an entire class? 2018-10-31T14:29:15-07:00 Principals have little choice but to focus on teaching performances versus learning results, on chalkboard razzledazzle versus deep understanding, on beautiful bulletin boards versus demonstrated proficiency. Also, using video allows school admins to observe teachers at a time thats convenient for them, not necessarily during class hours. The Danielson framework domains can be very broad, which makes it hard for teachers to show growth. The buy-in among school leadership was real and perhaps unique, said Kate Walsh, NCTQs president, in a statement. Some evaluation systems also include student or parent perception surveys, and others may include project-based alternatives to observation such as action research. Reaching language consensus around effective teaching opens the door to meaningful and useful feedback, another mainspring of a robust evaluation system. the model and supports improved performance and professional growth; thus, evaluation becomes the measurement of the school leader's progress toward specific elements or standards within the framework. And educators soon realized again that evaluation policies based on principles of economics and corporate management [had] failed to take into account the complex and personalized work of educating students.. In Tennessee, researchers from the state education department and Vanderbilt University have found that teacher improvement in 2013 to 2015, after the evaluation system was implemented, was much more rapid and sustained than teacher improvement between 2008 and 2010. %PDF-1.5 A 2013 review of international literature on effective teaching resulted in the following list. At the same time, the US experienced rapid growth of urban areas, expanded compulsory education, the introduction of child labor laws, unparalleled technological advances, and an ever-changing American cultural landscape. For example,The Rhode Island Department of Educationtrained observers by giving them a basic understanding of the rubric, then assigning each group a component and allowing them to discuss what was being measured. Its time to dive into the top teacher evaluation models being used today. Much attention in recent years has gone to the evaluation of teacher effectiveness, and some scholars have developed conceptual models to evaluate the effectiveness. State Approved Tools: Teacher Evaluation. OK, I think, the new teacher shrugged as if this was just a guess. However, times have changed, and so has the system. In 2011, they implemented the Marzano Teacher Evaluation Model and saw great results for both teachers and students. (2017). Make use of video for observations.A two-year study project called theBest Foot Forward Projectfound that recording teachers in class had serious advantages for teacher observation. This helped all involved to understand the definition of the rubric, and to produce more consistent results. The relationship between teacher effectiveness evaluation models and Time.Principals, like teachers, are frequently overwhelmed by the ever-growing demands of their jobs. National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. In D.C., low-performing teachers are three times more likely to leave the district than high-performing teachers since the implementation of the evaluation system. <> 727- 735. Teacher evaluation is a well-defined and systematic process that is used to access a teacher's performance in the classroom. Trust and privacy.Concerns about trust between teachers and administrators is perennial and pervasive. Learning about Teaching: Initial Findings from the Measures of Effective Teaching Project. In general, teacher evaluation refers to the formal process a school uses to review and rate teachers' performance and effectiveness in the classroom. What is the relationship between teacher quality and student achievement? Astudy by the MET Projectshows that using multiple observers for the same teachers increases accuracy, since this would remove bias from the equation. For example: Brian Schum, a civics and history teacher at A.D. Henderson, said his own teaching ability improved after useful feedback with the Marzano model. June 8, 2009. Most of the remaining district systems use models that incorporate elements of one or both of EVALUATION MODELS AND APPROACHES The following models and approaches are frequently mentioned in the evaluation literature. A study by the MET projectfound that there are three essential factors to teacher evaluation, which should all be considered in balance: Balancing these three factors allows school administrators to have a clear understanding of what is going on in their school, as well as how students are being affected. Early accountability systems were comprised of no more than simple inspections of whether teachers were doing what was expected of them, without specific regard for student learning or achievement. Today when we speak of teacher quality, we consider factors such as: A secondary reason for sound teacher evaluation systems is accountability. 86, No. NCTQ says the key components of an effective evaluation system are: multiple measures for rating a teacher, including classroom observations, student surveys, and measures of student. Retrieved from: Goe, L. (2007). When public schools shifted to an administrative as opposed to a community model of oversight and control in the mid- to late 19th century, leaders began to pay more attention to teacher training and helping teachers improve their practice. These three teacher-related influences rank higher than more than 200 other influences studied, including factors educators have typically blamed for poor student performance: They continue to include the multiphase process of classroom observations by principals or other educational administrators, They include measures of student achievement such as standardized test scores or Student Learning Objectives developed by teachers. Coleman, J.S., Campbell, E.Q., Hobson, C.J., McPartland, J., Mood, A.M., Weinfeld, F.D., & York, R.L. She blogs about education, professional learning, and program evaluation at www.sheilabrobinson.com. As models moved from inspection to assessment against a set of criteria, there evolved more emphasis on collaboration between teachers and principals, with a focus on instructional improvement rather than dismissal. AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Linux Kernel 2.6 64bit Oct 2 2014 Library 10.1.0 Highlighting the unique qualities of the Finnish case, we also compare these teacher evaluation practices with the increasingly applied value-added model (VAM) for teacher evaluation across the globe. estimates of teacher effectiveness. Percentile Model, (2) to compare the student- and teacher-level outcomes resulting from these models, and (3) to discuss the use and shortcomings of statistical models designed to . Teacher Evaluation Model Comparison Table. 4 (i.e. endobj Making a Difference: Six Places Where Teacher Evaluation Systems are Getting Results. Prince 9.0 rev 5 (www.princexml.com) Economic Policy Institute. Teacher observations can be influenced by bias on the part of the observer. School admins used video clips as a point of reference when giving feedback to teachers, and found that their conversations were more geared towards collaboration. And teacher evaluation done well is undeniably a time-intensive pursuit. And the district has a higher student enrollment now, which NCTQ attributes to increased confidence in the district. This article provides a quick overview of 4 evaluation models you'll find most useful: Kirkpatrick, Kaufman, Anderson, and Brinkerhoff. In theory, this method allows you to compare the effectiveness of different teachers by showing their results: how did their students improve from one testing period to another? Students at one school district mastered 68% more math skills on average when they used Prodigy Math. Teacher Supervision and Evaluation. Sheila has taught graduate courses on program evaluation and professional development design and evaluation at the University of Rochester Warner School of Education where she received her doctorate in Educational Leadership and Program Evaluation Certificate. 8, No. However, teacher-evaluation reform is not a silver bullet. Teachers learned how to engage students better, More focus was given to planning and creating learning goals, Teacher observations based on a model (such as the Framework or the Marzano model). After discussing these different teacher evaluation models, which one stands out to you? 2. The endobj Schochet, P.Z. Rarely, however, do we make an explicit connection between issues of equity and teacher quality. Knight, Fredieric Butterfield (1922). Accountability requirements, instructional and behavioral challenges, and all of the proverbial administrivia get in the way of them doing what they often know is the meaningful work, including providing feedback to teachers. When done correctly, these observations can provide a reliable view of a teachers ability and the effect on their students. What feedback did you get from your principal? the mentor probed. What Does an Effective Model of Teacher Evaluation Look Like? Results derived from the data then are used to inform decisions. If the score of a teacher can be greatly influenced by the bias of the person running the evaluation, that model is not reliable. So, does that mean the value-added model is completely useless? The system in New Mexico, which the NCTQ report highlights as a shining star in evaluation reform, is known as the toughest in the country and has been seen as deeply unfair by many teachers and their unions. Its Time to Rethink Teacher Supervision and Evaluation. Evaluation is typically based on one or more key questions the evaluator needs to pursue, and the collection and analysis of relevant data to help answer those questions. National Center for Education Statistics. Marzano Focused Teacher Evaluation Model Danielson Framework for Teaching Marzano model Marzano planning implementation awareness responsibilities Guides teachers from: Robert Marzano The Domains marzano model Domains Domain 1: Classroom Strategies and Behavior Domain 2: Preparing and Planning Domain 3: Reflecting and Teaching ().National Bureau of Economic Research. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute. For each model, all teachers were rank ordered on the . As of 2012, the state model teacher evaluation instrument (Marzanobased) is used in 44- percent of Florida districts and lab schools and the Danielson model is used in 20 percent. Drake Law Review, 65(2), 363-420. Keep reading to find the evaluation model that works best for your school. In Tennessee at least, teachers have warmed to the evaluation system. So, how can you make sure youre using the right teacher evaluation model? The alternative models of teacher leadership include: (a) a two-factor model investigating teacher leadership as teacher-driven and principal-driven factors, (b) a three-factor model of teacher-driven factors of teacher . If your teachers voice negative opinions about a certain evaluation model, its important to take that into consideration. There are countless books, articles, highly acclaimed consultants and quality professional learning programs that address these skill sets. Underpinning evaluation are the broad questions that drive data collection. endobj Each of these systems evaluates all teachers every year with both objective and subjective measures. Teacher evaluation has changed along with beliefs and values concerning the role of teachers, effective teaching, and theories of student learning (Cuban . An exploratory study. Most systems result in some sort of composite score and overall rating. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. In Florida's legislation (S.B. (1966). & Chiang, H.S. endobj How will expectations and schedules be communicated to teachers? The landmark Measures of Effective Teaching (MET) project, a multi-year study funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation designed to investigate and promote great teaching, concluded that evaluation systems that include both value-added calculations and other factors, including classroom observation and student surveys, are the most stable measures of teacher quality.. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Does that mean you should just pick one and hope for the best? How will each piece of evidence be weighted? One study found that teacher misclassification using the value-added model could be. When the Chicago Public School District started implementing the Danielson Framework for Teaching in their teacher evaluations,a study was conducted to see how the Framework actually helped schools. A truly valuable teacher evaluation model will help you see the strengths and weaknesses of each individual teacher working under your management. The major question guiding this kind of evaluation is, "Is the program . There are proven ways to make teacher observations a more reliable evaluation method. Retrieved from: Rice, J. K. (2003). PDF | On Jan 1, 2016, Pamela S. Angelle published Four Models of Teacher Leadership: Comparison and Evaluation | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Successful models of teacher evaluation are those that lead to improvement in instructional practice, improvement in measures of student learning and achievement, and improvement in the retention of effective teachers and improvement of lower-performing teachers. Join the growing Frontline Education As yetno one knows the exact formula for success in teaching. The observers must be taught.Its essential for all involved in the observation process to have the same understanding of how to take in evidence and translate that into a consistent and reliable ranking for the teachers. In other words, the more training and knowledge of the Framework, the better the results. Teacher Pay Raise Proposals Are Gaining Bipartisan Support. And whats happening in the locations in this analysis doesnt necessarily translate to the national picture. The complexity of personality and the many-sidedness of teaching have continually baffled useful analysis.. VAM, once implemented, is a simple calculation. (2010). When they do seek assistance, where do teachers go for helpful feedback on their teaching? A lack of adequate professional development opportunities to improve teaching practice. Retrieved from: Wayne, A. J., & Youngs, P. (2003). The Mind Shift in Teacher Evaluation: Where We Standand Where We Need to Go. Retrieved from: Gabriel, R.E. We have to operationalize, or clearly define and describe them. Feedback became more evidence-based, rather than being subjective. The models work by comparing a student's estimated score on a standardized test to the student's actual score the difference between the two is the teacher's VAM. & Keeling, D. (2009). Indicators may be aligned with state standards for teaching practice. Still, evidence presented in the case along with its initial success are an important part of the history and are vital to understanding and defining quality teaching and fairly evaluating teachers. This concept shifted teacher evaluation away from an inspection model toward increased teacher observation and the development of objective criteria to measure performance. Include more observers.To reduce bias, include more observers. Teachers College, Columbia University, Contributions to Education, No. However, these gains cant be directly tied to the evaluation system without a controlled study. Abstract. Teacher Evaluation Is Stuck in the Past. Teacher characteristics and student achievement gains: A review. Think again: one teacher in this study watched a video of his class and only then discovered that a student had been bouncing a golf ball for the entire period! Teacher-evaluation reform has been controversial, and over the past few years, some states have begun reversing mandates on using student-growth measures (mainly standardized-test scores) to gauge teacher quality. This concept shifted teacher evaluation away from an inspection model toward increased teacher observation and the development of objective criteria to measure performance. VAM ratings could be influenced by the students assigned to teachers rather than by their own teaching ability. Teacher evaluation has evolved over time from focusing on the moral values of a teacher in the early 1900s to standards-based evaluation models of today that seek to include measures of student academic progress. A Study of Teacher Effectiveness Evaluation Models in American Schools The process used to conduct my teacher evaluation last year was fair to me. Teacher evaluation is a topic of hot debate in the world of K-12 schooling, and for good reason. Learn More Frontline Professional Growth. 1, January, 2000. Recent scholarship has highlighted three methodsvalue-added models of Also, the skillful use of well-chosen questions to engage and challenge learners [and] the effective use of assessment for learning are necessary for good teaching. If you use a model that your teachers dont trust, theyll be quick to discount the feedback they receive. Retrieved from: Weisberg, D., Sexton, S., Mulhern, J. Students' self . One of the key challenges in any system of teacher evaluation is the need for stakeholders (including teachers and administrators) to agree on what exactly constitutes good or effective teaching. Madeline Will is a reporter for Education Week who covers the teaching profession. 3 0 obj We offer teachers professional development to increase their understanding of equity through the lens of how structural and institutional racism and other forms of discrimination impact students. observations, student surveys, principal ratings). She is an active American Evaluation Association member where she is Lead Curator and content writer for their daily blog on program evaluation, and is Coordinator of the Potent Presentations Initiative. The third characteristic of an evaluation system designed for teacher development is that it acknowledges and rewards teacher growth. Retrieved from: Putman, H., Ross, E. & Walsh, K. (2018). A Comparison of Teacher Evaluation Models 2 Learn about Prezi DM Dan Maloney Mon Jul 21 2014 Outline 17 frames Reader view Standards Based Administrator and Teacher Planning and Preparation Standards based Administrator and Teacher planning and Preparation (Pre-observation) Standard 3: Instructional Practice Research-based practices <, A Study of Teacher Effectiveness Evaluation Models in American Schools. For example, if the outcome variable is the teacher evaluation rating, evaluators can match the two groups of teachers on this measure taken before their exposure to the intervention (the prior year's teacher evaluation rating). 5 0 obj The Times argued that the public had a strong interest in teacher ratings, but (in an apparent win for teachers) an appellate court panel found a stronger interest in keeping names confidential, especially given the impact publishing them would have likely had on teacher retention and recruitment. There are several teaching effectiveness evaluation models that have been applied, each one with their own . Danielson evaluates teachers using a 4 point scale, while Marzano uses a 5 point scale. Hattie ranked these influences according to effect size, and found that collective teacher efficacy ranks highest on the most recent iteration of the list.Other key influences on Hatties list related to teacher quality include teacher credibility at .9, and teacher clarity at .75. This model allows you to see the best and the worst teachers, but its hard to define those who land in-between. MET Project Policy and Practice Summary. Comparison 4: Teacher Evaluation Methods Multiple Methods and Composite Measures In general, low to moderate correlations between teacher value-added scores and other sources of evidence (e.g. The expectation is that the evaluation process itself will enhance teacher practice and improve effectiveness, and this in turn will lead to improved student learning and achievement. Teacher quality: Understanding the effectiveness of teacher attributes. How and when will teachers have an opportunity to respond to feedback? Compounding those results: The mentor teacher asked her novice, a 3rd year teacher, about a recent observation by the school principal. School leaders (along with teachers) need to understand the purpose of evaluation as a coherent, comprehensive, and coordinated approach to improving teaching quality and also as a part of a larger interconnected and complex system focused on reaching, teaching, and supporting all students in constant pursuit of continuous improvement.